Chapter 7, Solution 1.

Applying KVL to Fig. 7.1.

1 t
∫ i dt + Ri = 0
C -∞
Taking the derivative of each term,
i di
+R =0
C dt
di dt
or =−
i RC

Integrating,
 i( t )  - t
ln =
 I 0  RC
i( t ) = I 0 e - t RC
v( t ) = Ri( t ) = RI 0 e - t RC
or v(t ) = V0e- t RC

Chapter 7, Solution 2.

τ = R th C
where R th is the Thevenin equivalent at the capacitor terminals.

R th = 120 || 80 + 12 = 60 Ω
τ = 60 × 0.5 × 10 -3 = 30 ms

Chapter 7, Solution 3.

(a) RTh = 10 // 10 = 5kΩ, τ = RTh C = 5 x10 3 x 2 x10 −6 = 10 ms

(b) RTh = 20 //(5 + 25) + 8 = 20Ω, τ = RTh C = 20 x0.3 = 6s

Chapter 7, Solution 4.

τ = R eq C eq
C1C 2 R 1R 2
where C eq = , R eq =
C1 + C 2 R1 + R 2
R 1 R 2 C1C 2
τ=
( R 1 + R 2 )(C 1 + C 2 )
Chapter 7, Solution 5.

v( t ) = v(4) e -(t -4) τ

where v(4) = 24 , τ = RC = (20)(0.1) = 2
v( t ) = 24 e -(t - 4) 2

v(10) = 24 e -6 2 = 1.195 V

Chapter 7, Solution 6.

2
v o = v ( 0) = (24) = 4 V
10 + 2
2
v( t ) = voe − t / τ , τ = RC = 40 x10−6 x 2 x103 =
25
v( t ) = 4e −12.5t V

Chapter 7, Solution 7.

v( t ) = v(0) e - t τ , τ = R th C
where R th is the Thevenin resistance across the capacitor. To determine R th , we insert a
1-V voltage source in place of the capacitor as shown below.
8Ω i2 i

i1 +
+ +
0.5 V − 10 Ω v=1 1V
−
−

1 1 − 0.5 1
i1 = = 0.1 , i2 = =
10 8 16
1 13
i = i1 + i 2 = 0.1 + =
16 80
1 80
R th = =
i 13
80 8
τ = R th C = × 0.1 =
13 13
v( t ) = 20 e -13t 8
V
Chapter 7, Solution 8.

1
(a) τ = RC =
4
dv
-i = C
dt
- 0.2 e = C (10)(-4) e-4t
-4t

→ C = 5 mF
1
R= = 50 Ω
4C
1
(b) τ = RC = = 0.25 s
4
1 1
(c) w C (0) = CV02 = (5 × 10 -3 )(100) = 250 mJ
2 2
1 1 1
(d) w R = × CV02 = CV02 (1 − e -2t 0 τ )
2 2 2
1
0.5 = 1 − e -8t 0 
→ e -8t 0 =
2
or e =2
8t 0

1
t 0 = ln (2) = 86.6 ms
8

Chapter 7, Solution 9.

v( t ) = v(0) e- t τ , τ = R eq C

R eq = 2 + 8 || 8 + 6 || 3 = 2 + 4 + 2 = 8 Ω

τ = R eq C = (0.25)(8) = 2

v( t ) = 20 e -t 2 V
Chapter 7, Solution 10.

io 15 Ω

i 10 Ω

iT
+
10 mF v 4Ω
−

(10)(3)
15 i o = 10 i 
→ i o = =2A
15
i.e. if i(0) = 3 A , then i o (0) = 2 A
i T (0) = i(0) + i o (0) = 5 A
v(0) = 10i(0) + 4i T (0) = 30 + 20 = 50 V
across the capacitor terminals.

R th = 4 + 10 || 15 = 4 + 6 = 10 Ω
τ = R th C = (10)(10 × 10 -3 ) = 0.1
v( t ) = v(0) e - t τ = 50 e -10t
dv
iC = C = (10 × 10 -3 )(-500 e -10t )
dt
i C = - 5 e -10t A

By applying the current division principle,

15
i( t ) = ( - i ) = -0.6 i C = 3 e -10t A
10 + 15 C

Chapter 7, Solution 11.

Applying KCL to the RL circuit,

1 v
L
∫ v dt + = 0
R

Differentiating both sides,

v 1 dv dv R
+ =0  → + v=0
L R dt dt L
v = A e -Rt L
 If the initial current is I 0 , then
v(0) = I 0 R = A
L
v = I 0 R e -t τ , τ=
R

1 t
i=
L -∞
∫ v(t ) dt
- τ I 0 R -t τ t
i= e -∞
L
i = - I 0 R e -t τ
i( t ) = I 0 e - t τ

Chapter 7, Solution 12.

When t < 0, the switch is closed and the inductor acts like a short circuit to dc. The 4 Ω
resistor is short-circuited so that the resulting circuit is as shown in Fig. (a).
3Ω

12 V + i(0-) 4Ω 2H
−

(a) (b)

12
i (0 − ) = =4A
3
Since the current through an inductor cannot change abruptly,
i(0) = i(0 − ) = i(0 + ) = 4 A

When t > 0, the voltage source is cut off and we have the RL circuit in Fig. (b).
L 2
τ = = = 0.5
R 4
Hence,
i( t ) = i(0) e - t τ = 4 e -2t A
Chapter 7, Solution 13.

L
τ=
R th
where R th is the Thevenin resistance at the terminals of the inductor.

R th = 70 || 30 + 80 || 20 = 21 + 16 = 37 Ω
2 × 10 -3
τ= = 81.08 µs
37

Chapter 7, Solution 14

Converting the wye-subnetwork to delta gives

16 Ω

R2

80mH R1

R3

30 Ω

10 x 20 + 20 x50 + 50 x10 1700 1700

R1 = = 1700 / 20 = 85Ω, R2 = = 34Ω , R3 = = 170Ω
20 50 10

30//170 = (30x170)/200 = 25.5 Ω , 34//16=(34x16)/50 =10.88 Ω

85 x36.38 L 80 x10 −3
RTh = 85 //( 25.5 + 10.88) = = 25.476Ω, τ= = = 3.14 ms
121.38 RTh 25.476
Chapter 7, Solution 15

L
(a) RTh = 12 + 10 // 40 = 20Ω, τ= = 5 / 20 = 0.25s
RTh
L
(b) RTh = 40 // 160 + 8 = 40Ω, τ= = (20 x10 −3 ) / 40 = 0.5 ms
RTh

Chapter 7, Solution 16.

L eq
τ=
R eq
R 1R 3 R 2 (R 1 + R 3 ) + R 1 R 3
(a) L eq = L and R eq = R 2 + =
R1 + R 3 R1 + R 3
L( R 1 + R 3 )
τ=
R 2 (R 1 + R 3 ) + R 1 R 3

L1 L 2 R 1R 2 R 3 (R 1 + R 2 ) + R 1 R 2
(b) where L eq = and R eq = R 3 + =
L1 + L 2 R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
L1L 2 (R 1 + R 2 )
τ=
(L 1 + L 2 ) ( R 3 ( R 1 + R 2 ) + R 1 R 2 )

Chapter 7, Solution 17.

L 14 1
i( t ) = i(0) e - t τ , τ= = =
R eq 4 16

i( t ) = 2 e -16t

di
v o ( t ) = 3i + L = 6 e-16t + (1 4)(-16) 2 e-16t
dt

v o ( t ) = - 2 e -16t V
Chapter 7, Solution 18.

If v( t ) = 0 , the circuit can be redrawn as shown below.

+
0.4 H
Req vo(t)
i(t) −

6 L 2 5 1
R eq = 2 || 3 = , τ= = × =
5 R 5 6 3
i( t ) = i(0) e = e
-t τ -3t

di - 2
v o ( t ) = -L = (-3) e -3t = 1.2 e -3t V
dt 5

Chapter 7, Solution 19.

1V
i i1 i2
− +

10 Ω i1 i/2 i2 40 Ω

To find R th we replace the inductor by a 1-V voltage source as shown above.

10 i1 − 1 + 40 i 2 = 0
But i = i2 + i 2 and i = i1
i.e. i1 = 2 i 2 = 2 i
1
10 i − 1 + 20 i = 0  → i =
30

1
R th = = 30 Ω
i
L 6
τ= = = 0.2 s
R th 30
i( t ) = 2 e -5t A
Chapter 7, Solution 20.

L 1
(a). τ= = 
→ R = 50L
R 50
di
-v= L
dt
- 150 e = L(30)(-50) e -50t 
-50t
→ L = 0.1 H
R = 50L = 5 Ω
L 1
(b). τ= = = 20 ms
R 50
1 1
(c). w = L i 2 (0) = (0.1)(30) 2 = 45 J
2 2
(d). Let p be the fraction
1 1
L I 0 ⋅ p = L I 0 ( 1 − e -2t 0 τ )
2 2
p = 1− e -(2)(10) 50
= 1 − e -0.4 = 0.3296
i.e. p = 33%

Chapter 7, Solution 21.

The circuit can be replaced by its Thevenin equivalent shown below.

Rth

Vth + 2H
−

80
Vth = (60) = 40 V
80 + 40
80
R th = 40 || 80 + R = +R
3
Vth 40
I = i(0) = i(∞) = =
R th 80 3 + R
2
1 1  40 
w = L I 2 = (2)  =1
2 2  R + 80 3 
40 40
=1 → R =
R + 80 3 3
R = 13.33 Ω
Chapter 7, Solution 22.

L
i( t ) = i(0) e - t τ , τ=
R eq
2
R eq = 5 || 20 + 1 = 5 Ω , τ=
5
i( t ) = 10 e -2.5t A

Using current division, the current through the 20 ohm resistor is

5 -i
io = (-i) = = -2 e -2.5t
5 + 20 5

v( t ) = 20 i o = - 40 e -2.5t V

Chapter 7, Solution 23.

Since the 2 Ω resistor, 1/3 H inductor, and the (3+1) Ω resistor are in parallel,
they always have the same voltage.

2 2
-i =
+ = 1.5 → i(0) = -1.5
2 3 +1
The Thevenin resistance R th at the inductor’s terminals is
4 L 13 1
R th = 2 || (3 + 1) = , τ= = =
3 R th 4 3 4
i( t ) = i(0) e - t τ = -1.5 e -4t , t > 0
di
v L = v o = L = -1.5(-4)(1/3) e -4t
dt
v o = 2 e V, t > 0
-4t

1
vx = v = 0.5 e -4t V , t > 0
3 +1 L

Chapter 7, Solution 24.

(a) v( t ) = - 5 u(t)

(b) i( t ) = -10 [ u ( t ) − u ( t − 3)] + 10[ u ( t − 3) − u ( t − 5)]

= - 10 u(t ) + 20 u(t − 3) − 10 u(t − 5)

 (c) x ( t ) = ( t − 1) [ u ( t − 1) − u ( t − 2)] + [ u ( t − 2) − u ( t − 3)]
+ (4 − t ) [ u ( t − 3) − u ( t − 4)]
= ( t − 1) u ( t − 1) − ( t − 2) u ( t − 2) − ( t − 3) u ( t − 3) + ( t − 4) u ( t − 4)
= r(t − 1) − r(t − 2) − r(t − 3) + r(t − 4)

(d) y( t ) = 2 u (-t ) − 5 [ u ( t ) − u ( t − 1)]

= 2 u(-t ) − 5 u(t ) + 5 u(t − 1)

Chapter 7, Solution 25.

v(t) = [u(t) + r(t – 1) – r(t – 2) – 2u(t – 2)] V

Chapter 7, Solution 26.

(a) v1 ( t ) = u ( t + 1) − u ( t ) + [ u ( t − 1) − u ( t )]
v1 ( t ) = u(t + 1) − 2 u(t ) + u(t − 1)

(b) v 2 ( t ) = ( 4 − t ) [ u ( t − 2) − u ( t − 4) ]
v 2 ( t ) = -( t − 4) u ( t − 2) + ( t − 4) u ( t − 4)
v 2 ( t ) = 2 u(t − 2) − r(t − 2) + r(t − 4)

(c) v 3 ( t ) = 2 [ u(t − 2) − u(t − 4)] + 4 [ u(t − 4) − u(t − 6)]

v 3 ( t ) = 2 u(t − 2) + 2 u(t − 4) − 4 u(t − 6)

(d) v 4 ( t ) = -t [ u ( t − 1) − u ( t − 2)] = -t u(t − 1) + t u ( t − 2)

v 4 ( t ) = (-t + 1 − 1) u ( t − 1) + ( t − 2 + 2) u ( t − 2)
v 4 ( t ) = - r(t − 1) − u(t − 1) + r(t − 2) + 2 u(t − 2)

Chapter 7, Solution 27.

v(t) is sketched below.

v(t)

0 1 2 3 4 t
-1
Chapter 7, Solution 28.

i(t) is sketched below.

i(t)

0 1 2 3 4 t
-1

Chapter 7, Solution 29

x(t)
(a)

3.679

0 1 t

(b) y(t)

27.18

0 t
(c) z (t ) = cos 4tδ (t − 1) = cos 4δ (t − 1) = −0.6536δ (t − 1) , which is sketched below.

z(t)

0 1 t

-0.653 δ (t )

Chapter 7, Solution 30.

∫
10
(a) 0
4 t 2 δ( t − 1) dt = 4 t 2 t =1 =4
∞
(b) ∫
-∞
cos(2πt ) δ( t − 0.5) dt = cos(2πt ) t = 0.5 = cos π = - 1

Chapter 7, Solution 31.

∫ [ e δ(t − 2)] dt = e
∞
(a) -∞
- 4t 2
= e = 112 × 10
- 4t 2
t=2
-16 -9

∫ [ 5 δ(t ) + e δ(t ) + cos 2πt δ(t )] dt = ( 5 + e + cos(2πt ))

∞
(b) -∞
-t -t
t =0 = 5 +1+1 = 7

Chapter 7, Solution 32.

t t t
(a) ∫ u (λ )dλ = ∫ 1dλ = λ
1 1 1
= t −1
4 1 4
t2
(b) ∫ r (t − 1)dt = ∫ 0dt + ∫ (t − 1)dt =
0 0 1
2
− t 14 = 4.5

∫ (t − 6) δ (t − 2)dt = (t − 6) 2 = 16
2
(c ) t =2
1
Chapter 7, Solution 33.

1 t
i( t ) = ∫ v(t ) dt + i(0)
L 0

10 -3
∫ 20 δ(t − 2) dt + 0
t
i( t ) =
10 × 10 -3 0

i ( t ) = 2 u( t − 2 ) A

Chapter 7, Solution 34.

d
[u ( t − 1) u ( t + 1)] = δ( t − 1)u ( t + 1) +
(a) dt
u ( t − 1)δ( t + 1) = δ( t − 1) • 1 + 0 • δ( t + 1) = δ( t − 1)
d
[r ( t − 6) u ( t − 2)] = u ( t − 6)u ( t − 2) +
(b) dt
r ( t − 6)δ( t − 2) = u ( t − 6) • 1 + 0 • δ( t − 2) = u ( t − 6)

d
[sin 4t u (t − 3)] = 4 cos 4t u ( t − 3) + sin 4tδ( t − 3)
dt
(c) = 4 cos 4t u ( t − 3) + sin 4x3δ( t − 3)
= 4 cos 4t u ( t − 3) − 0.5366δ( t − 3)

Chapter 7, Solution 35.

(a) v( t ) = A e -5t 3 , v(0) = A = -2

v( t ) = - 2 e -5t 3 V

(b) v( t ) = A e 2t 3 , v(0) = A = 5
v( t ) = 5 e 2t 3 V
Chapter 7, Solution 36.

(a) v( t ) = A + B e-t , t > 0

A = 1, v(0) = 0 = 1 + B or B = -1
v( t ) = 1 − e -t V , t > 0

(b) v( t ) = A + B e t 2 , t > 0
A = -3 , v(0) = -6 = -3 + B or B = -3
v( t ) = - 3 ( 1 + e t 2 ) V , t > 0

Chapter 7, Solution 37.

Let v = vh + vp, vp =10.

•
1
vh + 4 v h =0 
→ v h = Ae −t / 4

v = 10 + Ae −0.25t

v(0) = 2 = 10 + A 
→ A = −8
v = 10 − 8e −0.25t

(a) τ = 4 s

(b) v(∞) = 10 V

(c ) v = 10 − 8e −0.25t

Chapter 7, Solution 38

Let i = ip +ih

•
i h + 3ih = 0 
→ ih = Ae −3t u (t )

• 2
Let i p = ku (t ), ip = 0, 3ku (t ) = 2u (t ) 
→ k=
3
 2
ip = u (t )
3

2
i = ( Ae −3t + )u (t )
3

If i(0) =0, then A + 2/3 = 0, i.e. A=-2/3. Thus

2
i= (1 − e −3t )u (t )
3

Chapter 7, Solution 39.

(a) Before t = 0,
1
v( t ) = (20) = 4 V
4 +1
After t = 0,
v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ
τ = RC = (4)(2) = 8 , v(0) = 4 , v(∞) = 20
v( t ) = 20 + (8 − 20) e - t 8
v( t ) = 20 − 12 e -t 8 V
(b) Before t = 0, v = v1 + v 2 , where v1 is due to the 12-V source and v 2 is
due to the 2-A source.
v1 = 12 V
To get v 2 , transform the current source as shown in Fig. (a).
v 2 = -8 V
Thus,
v = 12 − 8 = 4 V
After t = 0, the circuit becomes that shown in Fig. (b).

2F 4Ω 2F

+ −
v2 + +
8V 12 V
− −

3Ω 3Ω
(a) (b)
 v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ
v(∞) = 12 , v(0) = 4 , τ = RC = (2)(3) = 6
v( t ) = 12 + (4 − 12) e -t 6

v( t ) = 12 − 8 e -t 6 V

Chapter 7, Solution 40.

(a) Before t = 0, v = 12 V .
After t = 0, v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ
v(∞) = 4 , v(0) = 12 , τ = RC = (2)(3) = 6
v( t ) = 4 + (12 − 4) e -t 6

v( t ) = 4 + 8 e - t 6 V
(b) Before t = 0, v = 12 V .
After t = 0, v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ
After transforming the current source, the circuit is shown below.
t=0

2Ω

4Ω
12 V + 5F
−

v(0) = 12 , v(∞) = 12 , τ = RC = (2)(5) = 10

v = 12 V

Chapter 7, Solution 41.

30
v(0) = 0 , v(∞) = (12) = 10
16

(6)(30)
R eq C = (6 || 30)(1) = =5
36

v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ

v( t ) = 10 + (0 − 10) e - t 5

v( t ) = 10 ( 1 − e -0.2t ) V
Chapter 7, Solution 42.

(a) v o ( t ) = v o (∞) + [ v o (0) − v o (∞)] e - t τ

4
v o (0) = 0 , v o (∞) = (12) = 8
4+2
4
τ = R eq C eq , R eq = 2 || 4 =
3
4
τ = (3) = 4
3
v o ( t ) = 8 − 8 e -t 4
v o ( t ) = 8 ( 1 − e -0.25t ) V

(b) For this case, v o (∞) = 0 so that

v o ( t ) = v o (0) e -t τ
4
v o (0) = (12) = 8 , τ = RC = (4)(3) = 12
4+2
v o ( t ) = 8 e -t 12 V

Chapter 7, Solution 43.

Before t = 0, the circuit has reached steady state so that the capacitor acts like an open
circuit. The circuit is equivalent to that shown in Fig. (a) after transforming the voltage
source.
vo vo
0.5i = 2 − , i=
40 80
1 vo vo 320
Hence, = 2− → v o = = 64
2 80 40 5
vo
i= = 0.8 A
80

After t = 0, the circuit is as shown in Fig. (b).

v C ( t ) = v C (0) e - t τ , τ = R th C

To find R th , we replace the capacitor with a 1-V voltage source as shown in Fig. (c).

0.5i vC
i
+
1V 0.5i 80 Ω
−

(c)
 vC 1 0.5
i= = , i o = 0.5 i =
80 80 80
1 80
R th = = = 160 Ω , τ = R th C = 480
i o 0.5
v C (0) = 64 V
v C ( t ) = 64 e - t 480
dv C  1 
0.5 i = -i C = -C = -3   64 e - t 480
dt  480 
i( t ) = 0.8 e -t 480 A

Chapter 7, Solution 44.

R eq = 6 || 3 = 2 Ω , τ = RC = 4
v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ

Using voltage division,

3 3
v(0) = (30) = 10 V , v(∞) = (12) = 4 V
3+ 6 3+ 6
Thus,
v( t ) = 4 + (10 − 4) e - t 4 = 4 + 6 e - t 4
dv  - 1
i( t ) = C = (2)(6)   e - t 4 = - 3 e -0.25t A
dt 4

Chapter 7, Solution 45.

For t < 0, v s = 5 u ( t ) = 0 
→ v(0) = 0

4 5
For t > 0, v s = 5 , v(∞) = (5) =
4 + 12 4

R eq = 7 + 4 || 12 = 10 , τ = R eq C = (10)(1 2) = 5

v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ

v( t ) = 1.25 ( 1 − e -t 5 ) V

dv  1  - 5  - 1  - t 5
i( t ) = C =     e
dt  2  4  5 

i( t ) = 0.125 e -t 5 A
Chapter 7, Solution 46.

τ = RTh C = (2 + 6) x0.25 = 2s, v(0) = 0, v(∞) = 6i s = 6 x5 = 30

v(t ) = v(∞) + [v(0) − v(∞)]e − t / τ = 30(1 − e − t / 2 ) V

Chapter 7, Solution 47.

For t < 0, u ( t ) = 0 , u ( t − 1) = 0 , v(0) = 0

For 0 < t < 1, τ = RC = (2 + 8)(0.1) = 1

v(0) = 0 , v(∞) = (8)(3) = 24
v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ
v( t ) = 24( 1 − e - t )

For t > 1, v(1) = 24( 1 − e -1 ) = 15.17

- 6 + v(∞) - 24 = 0  → v(∞) = 30
v( t ) = 30 + (15.17 − 30) e -(t-1)
v( t ) = 30 − 14.83 e -(t-1)

Thus,
(
 24 1 − e - t V ,
v( t ) = 
) 0<t<1
 30 − 14.83 e t >1
-(t -1)
V,

Chapter 7, Solution 48.

For t < 0, u (-t) = 1 , v(0) = 10 V

For t > 0, u (-t) = 0 , v(∞) = 0

R th = 20 + 10 = 30 , τ = R th C = (30)(0.1) = 3
v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ
v( t ) = 10 e -t 3 V

dv  - 1
i( t ) = C = (0.1)  10 e - t 3
dt 3
- 1 -t 3
i( t ) = e A
3
Chapter 7, Solution 49.

For 0 < t < 1, v(0) = 0 , v(∞) = (2)(4) = 8

R eq = 4 + 6 = 10 , τ = R eq C = (10)(0.5) = 5
v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ
v( t ) = 8 ( 1 − e - t 5 ) V

For t > 1, v(1) = 8 ( 1 − e -0.2 ) = 1.45 , v(∞) = 0

v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(1) − v(∞)] e -( t −1) τ
v( t ) = 1.45 e -( t −1) 5 V

Thus,
( )
 8 1 − e -t 5 V , 0 < t < 1
v( t ) =  - ( t −1 ) 5
 1.45 e V, t >1

Chapter 7, Solution 50.

For the capacitor voltage,

v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e- t τ
v(0) = 0

For t < 0, we transform the current source to a voltage source as shown in Fig. (a).
1 kΩ 1 kΩ

+
+
30 V v 2 kΩ
−
−
(a)
2
v(∞) = (30) = 15 V
2 +1+1
R th = (1 + 1) || 2 = 1 kΩ
1 1
τ = R th C = 10 3 × × 10 -3 =
4 4
v( t ) = 15 ( 1 − e ) , t > 0
-4t
 We now obtain i x from v(t). Consider Fig. (b).
iT 1 kΩ v
ix

30 mA 1 kΩ 1/4 mF 2 kΩ

(b)
i x = 30 mA − i T
v dv
But iT = +C
R3 dt
1
i T ( t ) = 7.5 ( 1 − e -4t ) mA + × 10 -3 (-15)(-4) e -4t A
4
i T ( t ) = 7.5 ( 1 + e -4t ) mA

Thus,
i x ( t ) = 30 − 7.5 − 7.5 e -4t mA
i x ( t ) = 7.5 ( 3 − e -4t ) mA , t > 0

Chapter 7, Solution 51.

Consider the circuit below.

R t=0

+
VS + i L
−
v
−

After the switch is closed, applying KVL gives

di
VS = Ri + L
dt
di  VS 
or L = -R  i − 
dt  R
di -R
= dt
i − VS R L

Integrating both sides,

  V  i(t ) - R
ln  i − S  I 0 = t
 R L
 i − VS R  - t
ln  =
 I0 − VS R  τ
i − VS R
or = e- t τ
I0 − VS R
VS  VS  -t τ
i( t ) = +  I0 − e
R  R
which is the same as Eq. (7.60).

Chapter 7, Solution 52.

20
i(0) = = 2 A, i(∞) = 2 A
10
i( t ) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e- t τ

i( t ) = 2 A

Chapter 7, Solution 53.

25
(a) Before t = 0, i= =5A
3+ 2
After t = 0, i( t ) = i(0) e - t τ
L 4
τ = = = 2, i(0) = 5
R 2
i( t ) = 5 e - t 2 A

(b) Before t = 0, the inductor acts as a short circuit so that the 2 Ω and 4 Ω
resistors are short-circuited.
i( t ) = 6 A
After t = 0, we have an RL circuit.
L 3
i( t ) = i(0) e - t τ , τ= =
R 2
i( t ) = 6 e - 2 t 3 A
Chapter 7, Solution 54.

(a) Before t = 0, i is obtained by current division or

4
i( t ) = (2) = 1 A
4+4
After t = 0,
i( t ) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e- t τ
L
τ= , R eq = 4 + 4 || 12 = 7 Ω
R eq
3.5 1
τ= =
7 2
4 || 12 3 6
i(0) = 1 , i(∞) = (2) = (2) =
4 + 4 || 12 4+3 7
6  6
i( t ) = +  1 −  e -2 t
7  7
1
i( t ) = ( 6 − e - 2t ) A
7
10
(b) Before t = 0, i( t ) = =2A
2+3
After t = 0, R eq = 3 + 6 || 2 = 4.5
L 2 4
τ= = =
R eq 4.5 9
i(0) = 2
To find i(∞) , consider the circuit below, at t = when the inductor
becomes a short circuit,
v

10 V + 24 V + 2H
− −

2Ω 6Ω 3Ω

10 − v 24 − v v
+ = 
→ v = 9
2 6 3
v
i(∞) = = 3 A
3
i( t ) = 3 + (2 − 3) e -9 t 4
i( t ) = 3 − e - 9 t 4 A
Chapter 7, Solution 55.

For t < 0, consider the circuit shown in Fig. (a).

io 0.5 H 0.5 H

3Ω i 8Ω
io + +
+
−
4io
v 2Ω v 2Ω
24 V + 20 V +
− − − −

(a) (b)

3i o + 24 − 4i o = 0 
→ i o = 24
v
v( t ) = 4i o = 96 V i = = 48 A
2

For t > 0, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

i( t ) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e- t τ
20
i(0) = 48 , i(∞) = =2A
8+ 2
L 0.5 1
R th = 2 + 8 = 10 Ω , τ = = =
R th 10 20
i( t ) = 2 + (48 − 2) e -20t = 2 + 46 e -20t
v( t ) = 2 i( t ) = 4 + 92 e -20t V

Chapter 7, Solution 56.

L
R eq = 6 + 20 || 5 = 10 Ω , τ= = 0.05
R
i( t ) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e- t τ

i(0) is found by applying nodal analysis to the following circuit.

 5Ω

vx i 6Ω
+ 20 V
+ −
2A 12 Ω 20 Ω
0.5 H v
−

20 − v x v x v x v x
2+ = + + 
→ v x = 12
5 12 20 6
vx
i ( 0) = =2A
6

Since 20 || 5 = 4 ,
4
i(∞) = (4) = 1.6
4+6
i( t ) = 1.6 + (2 − 1.6) e- t 0.05 = 1.6 + 0.4 e-20t
di 1
v( t ) = L = (0.4) (-20) e -20t
dt 2
v( t ) = - 4 e -20t V

Chapter 7, Solution 57.

At t = 0 − , the circuit has reached steady state so that the inductors act like short
circuits.

6Ω i

i1 i2
+
30 V 5Ω 20 Ω
−

30 30 20
i= = = 3, i1 = (3) = 2.4 , i 2 = 0 .6
6 + 5 || 20 10 25
i 1 ( 0 ) = 2 .4 A , i 2 ( 0 ) = 0 .6 A
 For t > 0, the switch is closed so that the energies in L1 and L 2 flow through the
closed switch and become dissipated in the 5 Ω and 20 Ω resistors.
L 2.5 1
i1 ( t ) = i1 (0) e - t τ1 , τ1 = 1 = =
R1 5 2
i1 ( t ) = 2.4 e -2t A
L2 4 1
i 2 ( t ) = i 2 (0) e - t τ 2 , τ2 = = =
R 2 20 5
i 2 ( t ) = 0.6 e -5t A

Chapter 7, Solution 58.

For t < 0, v o (t) = 0

20
For t > 0, i(0) = 10 , i(∞) = =5
1+ 3
L 14 1
R th = 1 + 3 = 4 Ω , τ= = =
R th 4 16
i( t ) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e- t τ
i( t ) = 5 ( 1 + e-16t ) A

di 1
vo (t ) = 3i + L = 15 ( 1 + e -16t ) + (-16)(5) e-16t
dt 4
v o ( t ) = 15 − 5 e V
-16t

Chapter 7, Solution 59.

Let I be the current through the inductor.

For t < 0, vs = 0 , i(0) = 0
L 1 .5
For t > 0, R eq = 4 + 6 || 3 = 6 , τ= = = 0.25
R eq 6
2
i(∞) = (3) = 1
2+ 4
i( t ) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e- t τ
i( t ) = 1 − e-4t

di
vo (t ) = L = (1.5)(-4)(-e- 4t )
dt
v o ( t ) = 6 e -4t V
Chapter 7, Solution 60.

Let I be the inductor current.

For t < 0, u(t) = 0  → i(0) = 0
L 8
For t > 0, R eq = 5 || 20 = 4 Ω , τ= = =2
R eq 4
i(∞) = 4
i( t ) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e- t τ
i( t ) = 4 ( 1 − e - t 2 )

di  - 1
v( t ) = L = (8)(-4)  e - t 2
dt 2
v( t ) = 16 e -0.5t V

Chapter 7, Solution 61.

The current source is transformed as shown below.

4Ω

20u(-t) + 40u(t) + 0.5 H

−

L 12 1
τ= = = , i(0) = 5 , i(∞) = 10
R 4 8
i( t ) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e - t τ
i( t ) = 10 − 5 e -8t A

di  1 
v( t ) = L =  (-5)(-8) e -8t
dt  2 
v( t ) = 20 e -8t V

Chapter 7, Solution 62.

L 2
τ= = =1
R eq 3 || 6
For 0 < t < 1, u ( t − 1) = 0 so that
 1
i(0) = 0 , i(∞) =
6
1
i( t ) = ( 1 − e -t )
6

1
For t > 1, i(1) = ( 1 − e -1 ) = 0.1054
6
1 1 1
i(∞) = + =
3 6 2
i( t ) = 0.5 + (0.1054 − 0.5) e-(t -1)
i( t ) = 0.5 − 0.3946 e-(t -1)
Thus,
 1
i( t ) = 
( 1 − e -t ) A 0<t<1
6
 0.5 − 0.3946 e -(t -1) A t>1

Chapter 7, Solution 63.

10
For t < 0, u (- t ) = 1 , i(0) = =2
5

For t > 0, u (-t) = 0 , i(∞) = 0

L 0.5 1
R th = 5 || 20 = 4 Ω , τ= = =
R th 4 8
i( t ) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e - t τ
i( t ) = 2 e -8t A

di  1 
v( t ) = L =  (-8)(2) e-8t
dt  2 
v( t ) = - 8 e -8t V

Chapter 7, Solution 64.

Let i be the inductor current.

For t < 0, the inductor acts like a short circuit and the 3 Ω resistor is short-
circuited so that the equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (a).

6Ω i 6Ω io v i

+ 3Ω + 3Ω
10 Ω 10 Ω
− −
2Ω

(a) (b)
 10
i = i(0) = = 1.667 A
6
L 4
For t > 0, R th = 2 + 3 || 6 = 4 Ω , τ= = =1
R th 4

To find i(∞) , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

10 − v v v 10
= + → v =
6 3 2 6
v 5
i = i(∞) = =
2 6
i( t ) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e - t τ
5  10 5  5
i( t ) = +  −  e - t = ( 1 − e - t ) A
6  6 6 6

v o is the voltage across the 4 H inductor and the 2 Ω resistor

di 10 10 - t 5 10 10 - t
v o (t) = 2 i + L = + e + (4) (-1) e - t = − e
dt 6 6 6 6 6
v o ( t ) = 1.667 ( 1 − e -t ) V

Chapter 7, Solution 65.

Since v s = 10 [ u ( t ) − u ( t − 1)] , this is the same as saying that a 10 V source is

turned on at t = 0 and a -10 V source is turned on later at t = 1. This is shown in
the figure below.

vs

10

t
-10

10
For 0 < t < 1, i(0) = 0 , i(∞) = =2
5
L 2 1
R th = 5 || 20 = 4 , τ= = =
R th 4 2
i( t ) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e- t τ
 i( t ) = 2 ( 1 − e -2t ) A
i(1) = 2 ( 1 − e-2 ) = 1.729

For t > 1, i(∞) = 0 since vs = 0

i( t ) = i(1) e- ( t −1) τ
i( t ) = 1.729 e-2( t −1) A

Thus,
 2 ( 1 − e - 2t ) A 0 < t < 1
i( t ) = 
 1.729 e - 2( t −1) A t>1

Chapter 7, Solution 66.

Following Practice Problem 7.14,

v( t ) = VT e - t τ
1
VT = v(0) = -4 , τ = R f C = (10 × 103 )(2 × 10- 6 ) =
50
v( t ) = -4 e -50t
v o ( t ) = -v( t ) = 4 e -50t , t > 0

v o (t) 4
i o (t) = = e -50t = 0.4 e -50t mA , t > 0
Ro 10 × 10 3

Chapter 7, Solution 67.

The op amp is a voltage follower so that v o = v as shown below.

R −
vo
v1 + vo
+
R vo C
−
 At node 1,
v o − v1 v1 − 0 v1 − v o 2
= + 
→ v1 = v
R R R 3 o

At the noninverting terminal,

dv v − v1
C o + o =0
dt R
dv 2 1
− RC o = v o − v1 = v o − v o = v o
dt 3 3
dv o v
=− o
dt 3RC
v o ( t ) = VT e - t 3RC
3
VT = vo (0) = 5 V , τ = 3RC = (3)(10 × 103 )(1 × 10- 6 ) =
100
v o ( t ) = 5 e -100t 3 V

Chapter 7, Solution 68.

This is a very interesting problem and has both an important ideal solution as well as an
important practical solution. Let us look at the ideal solution first. Just before the switch
closes, the value of the voltage across the capacitor is zero which means that the voltage
at both terminals input of the op amp are each zero. As soon as the switch closes, the
output tries to go to a voltage such that the input to the op amp both go to 4 volts. The
ideal op amp puts out whatever current is necessary to reach this condition. An infinite
(impulse) current is necessary if the voltage across the capacitor is to go to 8 volts in zero
time (8 volts across the capacitor will result in 4 volts appearing at the negative terminal
of the op amp). So vo will be equal to 8 volts for all t > 0.

What happens in a real circuit? Essentially, the output of the amplifier portion of the op
amp goes to whatever its maximum value can be. Then this maximum voltage appears
across the output resistance of the op amp and the capacitor that is in series with it. This
results in an exponential rise in the capacitor voltage to the steady-state value of 8 volts.

vC(t) = Vop amp max(1 – e-t/(RoutC)) volts, for all values of vC less than 8 V,

= 8 V when t is large enough so that the 8 V is reached.

Chapter 7, Solution 69.

Let v x be the capacitor voltage.

For t < 0, v x ( 0) = 0
 For t > 0, the 20 kΩ and 100 kΩ resistors are in series since no current enters the
op amp terminals. As t → ∞ , the capacitor acts like an open circuit so that
20 + 100 48
v x (∞) = (4) =
20 + 100 + 10 13
R th = 20 + 100 = 120 kΩ , τ = R th C = (120 × 103 )(25 × 10-3 ) = 3000
v x ( t ) = v x (∞) + [ v x (0) − v x (∞)] e- t τ
48
v x ( t ) = ( 1 − e - t 3000 )
13

100 40
vo (t ) = vx (t) = ( 1 − e -t 3000 ) V
120 13

Chapter 7, Solution 70.

Let v = capacitor voltage.

For t < 0, the switch is open and v(0) = 0 .

For t > 0, the switch is closed and the circuit becomes as shown below.
1
+
− vo
2
v
+ −
vS +
−
C
R

v1 = v 2 = v s (1)
0 − vs dv
=C (2)
R dt
where v = v s − v o  → v o = v s − v (3)

From (1),
dv v s
= =0
dt RC
-1 - t vs
v=
RC
∫ v s dt + v(0) =
RC

Since v is constant,
 RC = (20 × 10 3 )(5 × 10 -6 ) = 0.1
- 20 t
v= mV = -200 t mV
0.1

From (3),
v o = v s − v = 20 + 200 t
v o = 20 ( 1 + 10t ) mV

Chapter 7, Solution 71.

Let v = voltage across the capacitor.

Let v o = voltage across the 8 kΩ resistor.

For t < 2, v = 0 so that v(2) = 0 .

For t > 2, we have the circuit shown below.

10 kΩ

10 kΩ 20 kΩ
−
+ + io
+
+
4V v 100 mF
− vo 8 kΩ
−
−

Since no current enters the op amp, the input circuit forms an RC circuit.
τ = RC = (10 × 10 3 )(100 × 10 -3 ) = 1000
v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(2) − v(∞)] e -( t − 2 ) τ
v( t ) = 4 ( 1 − e -( t − 2 ) 1000 )

As an inverter,
- 10k
vo = v = 2 ( e -( t − 2 ) 1000 − 1 )
20k
vo
io = = 0.25 ( e -( t − 2 ) 1000 − 1 ) A
8
Chapter 7, Solution 72.

The op amp acts as an emitter follower so that the Thevenin equivalent circuit is
shown below.

+ − io
v

3u(t) + R
−

Hence,
v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ
v(0) = -2 V , v(∞) = 3 V , τ = RC = (10 × 10 3 )(10 × 10 -6 ) = 0.1
v( t ) = 3 + (-2 - 3) e -10t = 3 − 5 e -10t

dv
io = C = (10 × 10 -6 )(-5)(-10) e -10t
dt
i o = 0.5 e -10t mA , t > 0

Chapter 7, Solution 73.

Consider the circuit below.

Rf

R1 C
v1 v2 v3
−
+ −
v + +
v1 +
− vo
−

At node 2,
v1 − v 2 dv
=C (1)
R1 dt

At node 3,
 dv v 3 − v o
C = (2)
dt Rf

But v 3 = 0 and v = v 2 − v 3 = v 2 . Hence, (1) becomes

v1 − v dv
=C
R1 dt
dv
v1 − v = R 1C
dt
dv v v1
or + =
dt R 1C R 1C
which is similar to Eq. (7.42). Hence,
 vT t<0
v( t ) = 
 v1 + ( v T − v1 ) e t>0
-t τ

where v T = v(0) = 1 and v1 = 4

τ = R 1C = (10 × 10 3 )(20 × 10 -6 ) = 0.2
 1 t<0
v( t ) = 
4 − 3 e -5t
t>0

From (2),
dv
v o = -R f C = (20 × 10 3 )(20 × 10 -6 )(15 e -5t )
dt
v o = -6 e -5t , t > 0
v o = - 6 e -5t u(t ) V

Chapter 7, Solution 74.

Let v = capacitor voltage.

Rf

R1 C
v1 v2 v3
−
+ −
v + +
v1 +
− vo
−
For t < 0, v(0) = 0
For t > 0, i s = 10 µA . Consider the circuit below.

dv v
is = C + (1)
dt R
v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ (2)

It is evident from the circuit that

τ = RC = (2 × 10 −6 )(50 × 10 3 ) = 0.1

Rf
C

is
R −
+ +
is
vo
−

At steady state, the capacitor acts like an open circuit so that i s passes through R.
Hence,
v(∞) = i s R = (10 × 10 −6 )(50 × 10 3 ) = 0.5 V

Then,
v( t ) = 0.5 ( 1 − e -10t ) V (3)

0 − vo
But is = 
→ v o = -i s R f (4)
Rf

Combining (1), (3), and (4), we obtain

- Rf dv
vo = v − RfC
R dt
-1 dv
v o = v − (10 × 10 3 )(2 × 10 -6 )
5 dt
v o = -0.1 + 0.1e − (2 × 10 )(0.5)( - 10 e -10t )
-10t -2

v o = 0.2 e -10t − 0.1

v o = 0.1 ( 2 e -10t − 1) V
Chapter 7, Solution 75.

Let v1 = voltage at the noninverting terminal.

Let v 2 = voltage at the inverting terminal.

For t > 0, v1 = v 2 = v s = 4
0 − vs
= i o , R 1 = 20 kΩ
R1
vo = -ioR (1)

v dv
Also, i o = +C , R 2 = 10 kΩ , C = 2 µF
R2 dt
- vs v dv
i.e. = +C (2)
R1 R 2 dt

This is a step response.

v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ , v(0) = 1
1
where τ = R 2 C = (10 × 10 3 )(2 × 10 -6 ) =
50

At steady state, the capacitor acts like an open circuit so that i o passes through
R 2 . Hence, as t → ∞
- vs v(∞)
= io =
R1 R2
- R2 - 10
i.e. v(∞) = vs = (4) = -2
R1 20

v( t ) = -2 + (1 + 2) e -50t
v( t ) = -2 + 3 e -50t

But v = vs − vo
or v o = v s − v = 4 + 2 − 3 e -50 t
v o = 6 − 3 e -50 t V

- vs -4
io = = = -0.2 mA
R 1 20k
v dv
or io = +C = - 0.2 mA
R2 dt
Chapter 7, Solution 76.

The schematic is shown below. For the pulse, we use IPWL and enter the corresponding
values as attributes as shown. By selecting Analysis/Setup/Transient, we let Print Step =
25 ms and Final Step = 2 s since the width of the input pulse is 1 s. After saving and
simulating the circuit, we select Trace/Add and display –V(C1:2). The plot of V(t) is
shown below.

Chapter 7, Solution 77.

The schematic is shown below. We click Marker and insert Mark Voltage Differential at
the terminals of the capacitor to display V after simulation. The plot of V is shown
below. Note from the plot that V(0) = 12 V and V(∞) = -24 V which are correct.
Chapter 7, Solution 78.

(a) When the switch is in position (a), the schematic is shown below. We insert
IPROBE to display i. After simulation, we obtain,

i(0) = 7.714 A

from the display of IPROBE.

(b) When the switch is in position (b), the schematic is as shown below. For inductor
I1, we let IC = 7.714. By clicking Analysis/Setup/Transient, we let Print Step = 25 ms
and Final Step = 2 s. After Simulation, we click Trace/Add in the probe menu and
display I(L1) as shown below. Note that i(∞) = 12A, which is correct.
Chapter 7, Solution 79.

When the switch is in position 1, io(0) = 12/3 = 4A. When the switch is in position 2,
4 R
i o (∞ ) = − = −0.5 A, RTh = (3 + 5) // 4 = 8 / 3, τ = Th = 80 / 3
5+3 L

io (t ) = io (∞) + [io (0) − io (∞)]e −t / τ = − 0.5 + 4.5e −3t / 80 A

Chapter 7, Solution 80.

(a) When the switch is in position A, the 5-ohm and 6-ohm resistors are short-
circuited so that

i1 (0) = i2 (0) = vo (0) = 0

but the current through the 4-H inductor is iL(0) =30/10 = 3A.

(b) When the switch is in position B,

RTh
RTh = 3 // 6 = 2Ω, τ= = 2 / 4 = 0 .5
L

i L (t ) = i L (∞) + [i L (0) − i L (∞)]e −t / τ = 0 + 3e −t / 0.5 = 3e −2t A

30 3
(c) i1 (∞) = = 2 A, i 2 (∞ ) = − i L (∞ ) = 0 A
10 + 5 9

di L
vo (t ) = L 
→ v o (∞ ) = 0 V
dt

Chapter 7, Solution 81.

The schematic is shown below. We use VPWL for the pulse and specify the attributes as
shown. In the Analysis/Setup/Transient menu, we select Print Step = 25 ms and final
Step = 3 S. By inserting a current marker at one termial of LI, we automatically obtain
the plot of i after simulation as shown below.
Chapter 7, Solution 82.

τ 3 × 10 -3
τ = RC 
→ R = = = 30 Ω
C 100 × 10 -6
Chapter 7, Solution 83.

v(∞) = 120, v(0) = 0, τ = RC = 34 x10 6 x15 x10 −6 = 510s

v(t ) = v(∞) + [v(0) − v(∞)]e − t / τ 

→ 85.6 = 120(1 − e − t / 510 )

Solving for t gives

t = 510 ln 3.488 = 637.16 s

speed = 4000m/637.16s = 6.278m/s

Chapter 7, Solution 84.

Let Io be the final value of the current. Then

i (t ) = I o (1 − e − t / τ ), τ = R / L = 0.16 / 8 = 1 / 50

1 1
0.6 I o = I o (1 − e −50t ) 
→ t= ln = 18.33 ms.
50 0.4

Chapter 7, Solution 85.

(a) τ = RC = (4 × 106 )(6 × 10-6 ) = 24 s

Since v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t τ

v( t 1 ) − v(∞) = [ v(0) − v(∞)] e - t1 τ (1)
v( t 2 ) − v(∞) = [ v(0) − v(∞)] e- t 2 τ (2)

Dividing (1) by (2),

v( t1 ) − v(∞)
= e( t 2 − t1 ) τ
v( t 2 ) − v(∞)
 v( t ) − v(∞) 
t 0 = t 2 − t1 = τ ln  1 
 v( t 2 ) − v(∞) 
 75 − 120 
t 0 = 24 ln   = 24 ln (2) = 16.63 s
 30 − 120 
(b) Since t 0 < t , the light flashes repeatedly every
τ = RC = 24 s
Chapter 7, Solution 86.

v( t ) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e- t τ

v(∞) = 12 , v(0) = 0
v( t ) = 12 ( 1 − e )
-t τ

v( t 0 ) = 8 = 12 ( 1 − e- t 0 τ )
8 1
= 1 − e- t 0 τ  → e- t 0 τ =
12 3
t 0 = τ ln (3)

For R = 100 kΩ ,
τ = RC = (100 × 103 )(2 × 10-6 ) = 0.2 s
t 0 = 0.2 ln (3) = 0.2197 s

For R = 1 MΩ ,
τ = RC = (1 × 106 )(2 × 10-6 ) = 2 s
t 0 = 2 ln (3) = 2.197 s

Thus,
0.2197 s < t 0 < 2.197 s

Chapter 7, Solution 87.

Let i be the inductor current.

120
For t < 0, i (0 − ) = = 1.2 A
100

For t > 0, we have an RL circuit

L 50
τ= = = 0.1 , i(∞) = 0
R 100 + 400
i( t ) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e - t τ
i( t ) = 1.2 e -10t

At t = 100 ms = 0.1 s,
i(0.1) = 1.2 e -1 = 0.441 A
which is the same as the current through the resistor.
Chapter 7, Solution 88.

(a) τ = RC = (300 × 10 3 )(200 × 10 -12 ) = 60 µs

As a differentiator,
T > 10 τ = 600 µs = 0.6 ms
i.e. Tmin = 0.6 ms
(b) τ = RC = 60 µs
As an integrator,
T < 0.1τ = 6 µs
i.e. Tmax = 6 µs

Chapter 7, Solution 89.

Since τ < 0.1 T = 1 µs

L
< 1 µs
R

L < R × 10 -6 = (200 × 10 3 )(1 × 10 -6 )

L < 200 mH

Chapter 7, Solution 90.

We determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the capacitor C s .

Rs
v th = v, R th = R s || R p
Rs + Rp i

Rth

Vth + Cs
−

The Thevenin equivalent is an RC circuit. Since

1 1 Rs
v th = v i  → =
10 10 R s + R p
1 6 2
Rs = R p = = MΩ
9 9 3
Also,
 τ = R th C s = 15 µs
6 (2 3)
where R th = R p || R s = = 0.6 MΩ
6+2 3
τ 15 × 10 -6
Cs = = = 25 pF
R th 0.6 × 10 6

Chapter 7, Solution 91.

12
i o (0) = = 240 mA , i(∞) = 0
50
i( t ) = i(∞) + [ i(0) − i(∞)] e - t τ
i( t ) = 240 e - t τ
L 2
τ= =
R R
i( t 0 ) = 10 = 240 e - t 0 τ
e t 0 τ = 24  → t 0 = τ ln (24)
t0 5 2
τ= = = 1.573 =
ln (24) ln (24) R
2
R= = 1.271 Ω
1.573

Chapter 7, Solution 92.

 10
dv  10 -3 0 < t < tR
i=C = 4 × 10 -9 ⋅  2 ×- 10
dt  tR < t < tD
 5 × 10 -6
 20 µA 0 < t < 2 ms
i( t ) = 
- 8 mA 2 ms < t < 2 ms + 5 µs
which is sketched below.

i(t) 5 µs
20 µA

2 ms t

-8 mA

(not to scale)