Chapter 9 Homework Solution

Chapter 9(1):
P9.2-1, 5, 9
P9.3-2, 4
P9.4-1, 3
P9.5-2, 3, 4
P9.6-1, 2, 5
Chapter 9(2):
P9.7-1, 2
P9.8-2, 4, 9, 15, 17
P9.9-1

P 9.2-1 Find the differential equation for the

circuit shown in Figure P 9.2-1 using the direct
method.
Figure P 9.2-1

P 9.2-5 The input to the circuit shown in Figure P 9.2-5 is the voltage of the voltage source, vs. The
output is the capacitor voltage v(t). Represent the circuit by a second-order differential equation that shows
how the output of this circuit is related to the input, for t > 0.
Hint: Use the direct method.

Figure P 9.2-5
Solution:
After the switch closes, use KCL to get
i=
(t )

v (t )
d
+ C v (t )
R2
dt

Use KVL to get

v s =R1 i ( t ) + L

d
i (t ) + v (t )
dt

Substitute to get
R1
d
L d
d2
v s = v ( t ) + R1C v ( t ) +
v ( t ) + CL 2 v ( t ) + v ( t )
R2
dt
R 2 dt
dt

R1 + R 2
d2
L d
= CL 2 v ( t ) + R1C +
v (t ) +
v (t )

dt
R 2 dt
R 2CL

Finally,
R1
vs
R1 + R 2
d2
1 d
=
v t +
+
v (t ) +
v (t )

2 ( )
L R 2C dt
CL dt
R
CL
2

P 9.2-9 The input to the circuit shown in

Figure P 9.2-9 is the voltage of the voltage source,
vs. The output is the capacitor voltage v(t).
Represent the circuit by a second-order differential
equation that shows how the output of this circuit
is related to the input, for t > 0.
Hint: Use the direct method.
Figure P 9.2-9

Solution:
After the switch closes
i (t ) = C

d
v (t )
dt

KCL and KVL give

1 d
d

vs = R2 i (t ) + L i (t ) + v (t ) + L i (t ) + v (t )

R1 dt
dt

Substituting gives
R2
R2
d2
d
v s = 1 +
LC
v ( t ) + R 2C v ( t ) + 1 +

v ( t )
2

R
dt
dt
R
1
1

R2
R2
d2
d
= 1 +
LC 2 v ( t ) + R 2C v ( t ) + 1 +

v (t )

R1
dt
dt
R1

Finally
R1 R 2
1
d2
d
v (t ) +
v (t ) +
v (t )
=
LC
LC ( R1 + R 2 ) dt
L ( R1 + R 2 ) dt
R1v s

P 9.3-2 Find the characteristic equation and its

roots for the circuit of Figure P 9.3-2.
Answer: s2 + 400s + 3 104 = 0
roots: s = 300, 100
Figure P 9.3-2

Solution:
KVL: 40 (is iL ) = 100 103
i=
L

i=
c

diL
+ vc
dt

1
3 dvc
10
3
dt

di 40
di 100
d 2iL
40
103 s 103 L
106
dt 3
dt
3
3
dt 2
di
d 2iL
di
+400 L +30000i L =
400 s
2
dt
dt
dt
2
100,
s + 400 s + 30000 =
0 ( s + 100)( s + 300) =
0 s1 =

iL =

P 9.3-3 Find the characteristic equation and

its roots for the circuit shown in Figure P 9.3-3.

Figure P 9.3-3
Solution:

v vs
dv
0
+ i L + 10 106
=
1
dt
di
KVL: v = 2i L +103 L
dt
KCL:

diL
di
d 2iL
vs + iL + 10 106 2 L + 10 106 103
dt
dt
dt
2
di
d i
vs= 3iL + .00102 L + 1108 2L
dt
dt
2
d iL
di
+ 102000 L + 3 108 iL = 1108 vs
dt
dt
2
s + 102000 s + 3 108 = 0, s1 = 3031, s2 = 98969
0=

2iL + 103

300
s2 =

P 9.3-4 German automaker Volkswagen, in

its bid to make more efficient cars, has come
up with an auto whose engine saves energy by
shutting itself off at stoplights. The stop
start system springs from a campaign to
develop cars in all its world markets that use
less fuel and pollute less than vehicles now on
the road. The stopstart transmission control
Figure P 9.3-4
has a mechanism that senses when the car does
not need fuel: coasting downhill and idling at an intersection. The engine shuts off, but a small starter
flywheel keeps turning so that power can be quickly restored when the driver touches the accelerator.
A model of the stopstart circuit is shown in Figure P 9.3-4. Determine the characteristic equation
and the natural frequencies for the circuit.
Answer: s2 + 20s + 400 = 0
s = 10 j17.3

Solution:
Assume zero initial conditions

1 di1
1 di2
10 7

=
2 dt
2 dt
1 di1
1 di2
loop 2 :
7
+
+ 200 i2 dt =
2 dt
2 dt
1
1

s
10 + 2 s

determinant :

1
200
1
s+

2s
s
2

loop 1 : 10i1 +

s 2 + 20 s + 400 =0,

s = 10 j 17.3

P 9.4-1 Determine v(t) for the circuit of

Figure P 9.4-1 when L = 1 H and vs = 0 for t
0. The initial conditions are v(0) = 6 V and
dv/dt(0) = 3000 V/s.
Answer: v(t) = 2e100t + 8e400t V
Figure P 9.4-1
Solution:
v ( 0 ) = 6,

dv ( 0 )
= 3000
dt

Using operators, the node equation is: Csv +

v
( v vs )
L

+ = 0 or LCs 2 + =
s + 1 v
R
sL

So the characteristic equation is: s 2 +

v (t )
So=
v ( 0 )=

Ae 100t + Be 400t
6=

1
1
=
s+
0
RC
LC

s1,2 = 250 2502 40, 000 = 100, 400

A+ B

dv ( 0 )
A = 2
=
3000 =
100 A 400 B
dt
B = 8
v (t ) =
2e 100t + 8e 400t

t>0

P 9.4-2 An RLC circuit is shown in

Figure P 9.4-2, where v(0) = 2 V. The switch
has been open for a long time before closing at
t = 0. Determine and plot v(t).
Figure P 9.4-2
Solution:
v ( 0)
=

2, i ( 0 )
=

Characteristic equation s 2 +
v=
(t )

1
1
s+
= 0 s 2 + 4s + 3 = 0 s =
RC
LC

Ae t + Be 3t

Use eq. 9.5 12 s1 A + s2 B =

1A 3B =
also have v ( 0 )=

2=

2
0 = 8
1
4

A+ B

From (1) & ( 2 ) get A = 1, B = 3

v (t ) =
e t + 3 e 3t V

v ( 0) i ( 0)

RC
C

(1)
( 2)

1, 3

P 9.4-3 Determine i1(t) and i2(t) for the circuit of

Figure P 9.4-3 when i1(0) = i2(0) = 11 A.

Figure P 9.4-3
Solution:

di1
di
3 2 =
0
dt
dt
di
di
KVL : 3 1 + 3 2 + 2i2 =
0
dt
dt
KVL : i1 + 5

(1)
( 2)

in operator form

(1 + 5s ) i1 + ( 3s ) i2 = 0

0
( 3s ) i1 + ( 3s + 2 ) i2 =
Thus i=
1 (t )

Ae

i 2 ( t ) = Ce

-t

-t

thus = (1 + 5s )( 3s + 2 ) 9 s 2 =6 s 2 + 13s + 2 =
0 s = 1 6, 2

+ Be -2t

+ De-2t

Now i1 ( 0 ) =
11 =
A + B; i2 ( 0 ) =
11 =
C+ D
from (1) & ( 2 ) get
di1 ( 0 )
di2 ( 0 )
33
A
143
C
=
= 2B ;
=
= 20
dt
dt
2
6
6
6
1, 0 =
which yields A =
3, B =
8, C =
12
i1 (t ) =3e t /6 + 8e 2t A

&

i2 (t ) =
e t /6 + 12e 2t A

P 9.5-2 Find vc(t) for t > 0 for the circuit of

Figure P 9.5-2. Assume steady-state
conditions exist at t = 0.
Answer: vc(t) = 8te2t V
Figure P 9.5-2
Solution:

( )

dvc
t
=
KCL at v c : vc dt + vc + 1
0
4 dt
d 2 vc
dv

+ 4 c + 4vc =
0
dt
dt

t >0

s 2 + 4 s + 4 =0, s =
2, 2

t = 0- (Steady-State)

vc ( t ) =
A1 e 2t + A2 t e 2t

vc ( 0 )= 0= vc ( 0+ ) & iL ( 0 )=

20 V
=
10

2 A=

Since vc ( 0+ ) =
0 then ic ( 0+ ) =
iL ( 0+ ) =
2 A

So vc ( 0+ =
)
dvc ( 0+ )

0=

A1

= 8 = A2
dt
vc ( t ) =
8te 2t V

dvc ( 0+ )
dt

ic ( 0+ )
=
=
8 V
S
1
4

iL ( 0+ )

P 9.5-3 Police often use stun guns to

incapacitate potentially dangerous felons. The
hand-held device provides a series of highvoltage, low-current pulses. The power of the
pulses is far below lethal levels, but it is
enough to cause muscles to contract and put
Figure P 9.5-3
the person out of action. The device provides a
pulse of up to 50,000 V, and a current of 1 mA
flows through an arc. A model of the circuit for one period is shown in Figure P 9.5-3. Find v(t) for 0 < t <
1 ms. The resistor R represents the spark gap. Select C so that the response is critically damped.
Solution:

Assume steady state at t =0 vc ( 0 ) =104 V & iL ( 0 ) =0

t >0

diL
+ 106 iL =0
(1)
dt
d 2i
di
dv
: iL =
C c
=
C .01 2L + 106 L
dt
dt
dt

KVL a : vc + .01
Also

0.01C

d 2iL
di
+ 106 C L + iL =
0
2
dt
dt

Characteristic eq. 0.01C s + 10 s + 1 =

2

0 s=

106 C

(10 C )
6

C = 0.04 pF s =5 107 , 5 107

7

7t

A1e 510 t + A2te 510

diL +
0 ) = 100 vc ( 0+ ) 106 iL ( 0+ ) = 106 A
(
s
dt
di ( 0 )
7
=
So i L ( 0 ) =
0=
106 =
106 te 510 t A
A1 and L
A2 iL ( t ) =
dt
Now from (1)

6
=
=
Now
v ( t ) 10
iL ( t ) 1012 te 510 t V
7

2 (.01C )

for critically damped: 1012 C2 .04C = 0

=
So iL ( t )

( 2)

4 (.01C )

P 9.5-4 Reconsider Problem P 9.4-1 when L = 640

mH and the other parameters and conditions remain the
same.
Answer: v(t) = (6 1500t)e 250t V
Figure P 9.4-1
Solution:

s2 +

1
1
1
1
s+
=
0 with
=
500 and
=
62.5 103 yields s =
250, 250
RC
LC
RC
LC
=
v (t )
Ae 250t + Bte 250t
v ( 0 )= 6=

dv ( 0 )
=3000 = 250 A + B B = 1500
dt
v ( t ) = 6e 250t 1500te 250t

P 9.6-1 A communication system from a

space station uses short pulses to control a
robot operating in space. The transmitter
circuit is modeled in Figure P 9.6-1. Find the
output voltage vc(t) for t > 0. Assume steadystate conditions at t = 0.
Answer:
vc(t) = e 400t [3 cos 300t + 4 sin 300t] V
Figure P 9.6-1

Solution:
t>0

KCL at vc :
also :
Solving for i

vc

250

+ iL + 5 106

vc = 0.8

dvc
=0
dt

diL
dt

(1)

( 2)

in (1) & plugging into ( 2 )

d 2 vc
dv
+800 c +2.5105 vc =
0 s 2 +800 s +250,000 =
0, s =
400 j 300
2
dt
dt
=
v (t )
c

t = 0

400t

A1 cos300t + A 2 sin 300t

(Steady State)

6 V 6
=
=
A iL ( 0+ )
500
500
vc ( 0=
) 250 6 500 + 6= 3 V= vc ( 0+ )

i=
L (0 )

Now from (1) :

So vc ( 0 =
)
+

dvc ( 0+ )
dt
=
vc ( t )

dvc ( 0+ )

3=

dt
A1

= 2 105 iL ( 0+ ) 800vc ( 0+ ) = 0

=
400 A1 + 300 A2 A2 =
0 =
4
e 400t [3cos 300t + 4sin 300t ] V

P 9.6-2 The switch of the circuit shown in Figure P 9.6-2 is opened at t = 0. Determine and plot v(t) when
C = 1/4 F. Assume steady state at t = 0.
Answer: v(t) = 4e2t sin 2t V

Figure P 9.6-2

Solution:
t = 0

i ( 0) = 2 A
v ( 0) = 0
t = 0
KCL at node a:
t

v
dv 1
+ C + vdt + i ( 0 ) =
0 (1)
dt L 0
1
in operator form have v + Csv +
with s 2 + 4 s + 8 =0

1
v + i=
( 0 ) 0 or
Ls

1
2 1
s + s+ =
v 0
C
LC

s =2 j 2

v ( t ) e 2t [ B1 cos 2t + B2 sin 2t ]
=
v ( 0 )= 0= B1
dv ( 0 ) 1
= i ( 0 ) v ( 0 ) =4 [ 2] =8 =2 B2 or B2 =4
dt
C
2 t
So v ( t ) = 4e sin 2 t V
From (1) ,

P 9.6-5 The photovoltaic cells of the

proposed space station shown in
Figure P 9.6-5a provide the voltage v(t) of the
circuit shown in Figure P 9.6-5b. The space
station passes behind the shadow of earth (at
t = 0) with v(0) = 2 V and i(0) = 1/10 A.
Determine and sketch v(t) for t > 0.

Figure P 9.6-5

Solution:

=
v ( 0 ) 2=
V and i ( 0 ) 1 A
10

1
1
s+
= 0 or s 2 + 2 s + 5 = 0 thus the roots are s =1 j 2
RC
LC
t
So have v(t ) =
e
B cos 2t + B2 sin 2t now v(0+ ) =
2=
B1
1

Char. eq. s 2 +

Need
So

dv ( 0+ )
dt

dv ( 0+ )
dt

v ( 0+ )
1
1 V
+
+
ic ( 0 ) . KCL yields ic ( 0 ) =
=

i ( 0+ ) =

5
2 s
C

1
10 =
=
B1 + 2 B2 B2 =
3
2
2

3
Finally, we have v ( t ) =
2e t cos 2t e t sin 2t V
2

t >0

P 9.7-1 Determine the forced response for

the inductor current if when (a) is = 1 A, (b) is =
0.5t A, and (c) is = 2e250t A for the circuit of
Figure P 9.7-1.
Figure P 9.7-1
Solution:

v
dv
+ iL + C
R
dt
di
KVL : v = L L
d 2iL
L diL dt
=
is
+ iL + LC
R dt
dt 2
KCL : is =

(a)

is =
l u (t ) assume i f =
A
d 2iL
1 diL
1
+
+
iL =
is
2
dt
RC dt LC
1
= 1 A = 1105 = i f
to get: 0 + 0 + A
3
(.01) (110 )

if =
A in
Let iL =

(b)

0.5t u (t ) assume i f =
is =
At + B
0+ A

65
1
0.5 t
+ ( At + B )
=
(.01)(.001)
(100 ) (.001)

100000 B 0 and =
100000 At 0.5t
650 A +=
A=
=
B

5 106
3.25 108

if =
5 106 t 3.25 108 A

(c)

is

2=
e 250t Assumming i f Ae 250t does not work

because i f cannot have the same form as is we choose i f =

Bte 250t
Be 250t 250 Bte 250t Bte 250t
2 e 250t
+
+
=
RC
RC
LC
150 B = 2
B = 0.0133
if

= 0.0133 te 250t A

P 9.7-2 Determine the forced response for the

capacitor voltage, vf, for the circuit of Figure P 9.7-2
when
(a) vs = 2 V, (b) vs = 0.2t V, and (c) vs = 1e30t V.
Figure P 9.7-2
Solution:
Represent the circuit by the differential equation:

(a)

vs =
2 assume v f =
A
Then 0 + 0 + 12000
=
A 2 so
=
A

(b)

d 2 v R dv 1
+
+
v=
vs
dt L dt LC

1 =
6000

vf

vs =
0.2t assume v f =
At + B
70 A + 12000 At + 12000 B = 0.2t 70 A + 12000 B = 0 and 12000 At = 0.2t
1
70 A
,=
B
60000
12000
t
=
vf
+ 350 V
60000

=
A

(c)

vs =
e 30t

=
B 350

assume v f =
Ae 30t

900 A 2100 Ae 30t + 12000 Ae 30t =

vf

e 30t
=
V
10800

e 30t

10800 Ae 30t =

e 30t

A=

1
10800

P 9.8-2

Determine i(t) for t > 0 for the circuit shown in Figure P 9.8-2.
d2
d
Hint: Show that 1 = 2 i (t ) + 5 i (t ) + 5i (t ) for t > 0
dt
dt

Figure P 9.8-2
Answer:

i(t) = 0.2 + 0.246 e3.62t 0.646 e1.38t A

for t > 0.

Solution:
First, find the steady state response for t < 0. The input is constant so the capacitor will act like an open
circuit at steady state, and the inductor will act like a short circuit.

i=
( 0)

1
= 0.2 A
1+ 4

and

4
v ( 0 ) = ( 1) =
0.8 V
1+ 4
For t > 0
Apply KCL at node a:
v Vs
d
+ C v + i =0
R1
dt

Apply KVL to the right mesh:

R2 i + L

d
d
i v= 0 v= R 2 i + L i L
dt
dt

After some algebra:

L + R1 R 2C d
R1 + R 2
Vs
d2
i+
i+
=
i
2
dt
R1 L C dt
R1 L C
R1 L C
The forced response will be a constant, if = B so 1=

d2
d
i + 5 i +=
5i 1
2
dt
dt

d2
d
B + 5 B + 5 B B= 0.2 A .
2
dt
dt

To find the natural response, consider the characteristic equation:

0 = s 2 + 5 s + 5 = ( s + 3.62 )( s + 1.38 )

The natural response is

=
in A1 e3.62 t + A2 e1.38 t
so

i ( t ) = A1 e3.62 t + A2 e1.38 t + 0.2

Then

v (t ) =
10.48 A1 e3.62 t 1.52 A2 e1.38 t + 0.8
4 i (t ) + 4 i (t ) =
dt

At t=0+

0.2= i ( 0 + )= A1 + A2 + 0.2
0.8 =v ( 0 + ) =10.48 A1 1.52 A2 + 0.8

so A1 = 0.246 and A2 = -0.646. Finally

i (t ) =
0.2 + 0.246 e3.62 t 0.646 e1.38 t A

P 9.8-4 Find v(t) for t > 0 for the circuit shown in

Figure P 9.8-4 when v(0) = 1 V and iL(0) = 0.

Figure P 9.8-4

Answer:

v =25e 3t

1
429e 4t 21cos t + 33 sin t V
17

Solution:
di

=0
KCL at top node : 0.5 L 5cos t + iL + 1 dv
12 dt
dt

diL
1 dv + v
=
KVL at right loop : 0.5
( 2)
12 dt
dt

t > 0

d
d

d 2iL diL 1 d 2 v
+
+
=
5sin t (3)
dt 2
dt 12 dt 2
d 2iL
d 2 v dv
0.5 2 = 1
+
( 4)
12 dt 2 dt
dt

dt

of (1) 0.5

dt

of ( 2 )

Solving for

d 2iL
di
in ( 4 ) and L in ( 2 ) & plugging into ( 3)
2
dt
dt

d 2v
dv
+ 7 + 12v =
30sin t
2
dt
dt

so v(t ) = A1e 3t + A2 e 4t + v f

0 s =
s 2 + 7 s + 12 =
3, 4

Try v f = B1 cos t + B2 sin t & plug

into D.E., equating like terms
yields B1 = 21 , B2 = 33
17
17

t = 0+

5 1
dv(0+ )
2
ic ( 0+ ) = =
2A
=
=
24 V
1
s
11
dt
12

So v(0+ ) = 1 = A1 + A2 + 21
A1 = 25
17

429
dv(0+ )
A2 =
=24 = 3 A1 4 A2 33
17
17
dt

v(t ) = 25e 3t 1 ( 429e 4t 21cos t + 33sin t ) V

17

(1)

P 9.8-9 In Figure P 9.8-9, determine the

inductor current i(t) when is = 5u(t) A. Assume
that i(0) = 0, vc(0) = 0.
Answer: i(t) = 5 + e2t [ 5 cos 5t 2 sin 5t] A
Figure P 9.8-9
Solution:
dv
v
+ i + =i
dt
2 s
2
d i
L di
LC
+ i + =5 u ( t )
dt
2 dt

KCL : C

1 d 2i
4 di
+ i + =5 u ( t )
29 dt
29 dt

Characteristic eqn: s 2 + 4 s + 29 = 0

d 2i
di
+4 +i =
145 u ( t )
dt
dt
roots : s = 2 j5

145 =
=
in e 2t [ A cos 5t + B sin 5t ] and i=
f
29
2t
So i (t ) =
5 + e [ A cos 5t + B sin 5t ]

Now i (0) ==+

0 A 5 A=
5
di (0)
=
0=
2 A + 5 B B =
2
dt

P 9.8-15 The circuit shown in Figure P 9.8-15 is at steady state before the switch closes. Determine the
capacitor voltage, v(t), for t > 0.

Figure P 9.8-15
Solution:
First, we find the initial conditions;
For t < 0, the switch is open and the circuit is at steady

state. At steady state, the capacitor acts like an open

circuit and the inductor acts like a short circuit.

v ( 0 ) =0 V and i ( 0 ) =0 A
also

i ( 0)
v ( 0)
d
v ( 0) =
=
0
dt
0.005 50 0.005

Next, represent the circuit after the switch closes by a differential equation.
After the switch closes, use KCL to get
i=
(t )

v (t )
d
+ C v (t )
R2
dt

Use KVL to get

v s =R1 i ( t ) + L

d
i (t ) + v (t )
dt

Substitute to get
R1
d
L d
d2
v s = v ( t ) + R1C v ( t ) +
v ( t ) + CL 2 v ( t ) + v ( t )
R2
dt
R 2 dt
dt
= CL

R1 + R 2
d2
L d
v
t
+
R
C
+
v (t ) +
v (t )
(
)

1
2

dt
R 2 dt
R2

Finally,
R1
vs
R1 + R 2
d2
1 d
=
v
t
+
+
v (t )
(
)

v ( t ) +
2

CL dt
R 2CL
L R 2C dt
Compare to

d2
dt
to get

i t + 2
2 ( )

d
i ( t ) + 02 i ( t ) =
f (t )
dt

R1
R1 + R 2
1
2a =
+
, 0 2 = and
L R 2C
R 2CL

vs
f (t ) =
CL

With the given element values, we have = 14.5 and 0 2 = 200 . Consequently, the roots of the
characteristic equation are s 1 = 11.3 and s 2 = 17.7 so the circuit is overdamped. The natural response
is

=
v n ( t ) A1 e 11.3 t + A 2 e 17.7 t

Next, determine the forced response.

The steady state response after the switch opens will be
used as the forced response. At steady state, the
capacitor acts like an open circuit and the inductor acts
like a short circuit.
=
vf

1
=
v s 10 V
2

So
v n (t ) =
10 + A1 e11.3 t + A 2 e17.7 t

It remains to evaluate A1 and A2 using the initial conditions. At t = 0 we have

0 = v ( 0 ) =10 + A1 + A 2
and
d
0=
v ( 0) =
11.3 A1 17.7 A 2
dt

Solving these equations gives

A1 =
27.6 and A 2 =
17.6

Finally,

10 27.6 e11.3 t + 17.6 e17.7 t

v (t ) =

P 9.8-17 The circuit shown in

Figure P 9.8-17 is at steady state before the
switch opens. Determine the inductor current,
i2(t), for t > 0.

Figure P 9.8-17

Solution:
First, we find the initial conditions;
For t < 0, the switch is closed and the
circuit is at steady state. At steady state, the
inductors act like short circuits.

i1 ( 0 )=
and

20
= 1.333 A
15

i 2 ( 0 ) =0 A

Next, represent the circuit by a differential equation.

After the switch opens, KVL gives
d
d
L1 =
i1 ( t ) R 2 i 2 ( t ) + L 2 i 2 ( t )
dt
dt

KVL and KCL give

L1

d
i1 ( t ) + R1 ( i1 ( t ) + i 2 ( t ) ) =
0
dt

Use the operator method to get

L=
R2 i 2 + L2s i 2
1 s i1
L1s i1 + R1 ( i1 + i 2 ) =
0

L1s 2i1 + R1s i1 + R1s i 2 =

0
s ( R 2i 2 + L 2 s i 2 ) +

R1
L1

(R i

2 2

+ L 2 s i 2 ) + R1s i 2 =
0

L2
R1 R 2
L 2 s 2 i 2 + R 2 + R1
+ R1 s i 2 +
i2 =
0

L1
L1

R 2 R1 R1
R1 R 2
s 2i 2 +
+
+ s i2 +
i2 =
0
L 2 L 2 L1
L
L
1
2

so
R 2 R1 R1 d
R1 R 2
d2
i
t
+
+
+ i 2 (t ) +
i 2 (t ) =
0
(
)

2 2

dt
L1 L 2
L 2 L 2 L1 dt
Compare to

d2
dt

i t + 2
2 ( )

d
i ( t ) + 02 i ( t ) =
f (t )
dt

to get

2a =

R2
L2

R1
L2

R1
L1

, 02 =

R1 R 2
L1L 2

and

f (t ) = 0

With the given element values, we have = 33.9 and 0 2 = 281.25 . Consequently, the roots of the
characteristic equation are s 1,2 = 2 0 2 =4.4, 63.4 so the circuit is overdamped. The natural
response is

=
i n ( t ) A1 e4.4 t + A 2 e63.4 t
Next, determine the forced response.
The steady state response after the switch opens will
be used as the forced response. At steady state the
inductors act like short circuits.
if = 0 A

So

i 2 ( t ) = i n ( t ) + i f ( t ) = A1 e4.4 t + A 2 e63.4 t
It remains to evaluate A1 and A2 using the initial conditions. At t = 0 we have

=
0 i 2 ( 0=
) A1 + A 2
L2

d
i 2 ( 0 ) + R 2 i 2 ( 0 ) + R1 i 1 ( 0 ) + R1 i 2 ( 0 )
dt

d
i 2 ( 0) =
20
dt

and
d
20 = i ( 0 ) =
4.4 A1 63.4 A 2
dt

Solving these equations gives A1 = 0.339 and A2 = 0.339 so

0.339 e4.4 t + 0.339 e63.4 t for t 0

i 2 (t ) =

P 9.9-1 Find v(t) for t > 0 using the state variable method of
Section 9.9 when C = 1/5 F in the circuit of Figure P 9.9-1.
Sketch the response for v(t) for 0 < t < 10 s.
Answer: v(t) = 25et + e 5t + 24 V

Figure P 9.9-1
Solution:

=
t 0 circuit is source free iL=
(0) 0 & v(0)
=

t>0

1
KCL at top node: i L + dv
4
(1)
=
5 dt
di
KVL at right loop: ( v 1) L
0
6i L =
dt
d 2v
dv
Solving for i in (1) & plugging into (2)
+ 6 + 5v =
120
1
dt
dt 2
The characteristic equation is: s 2 + 6 s + 5 =
0,
The roots of the characteristic equation are s =1, 5
Tthe natural response is: v=
A1 e t + A2 e 5t
n (t )
Try vf = B & plug into D.E. B =24 = vf
dv(0)
=
20 5iL (0) =
20 V
s
dt
So v(0) =0 = A1 + A2 + 24
A1 =
25, A2 =
1

dv(0)
25 e t + e 5t + 24 V
=
20 =
A1 5 A2 v(t ) =
dt

From (1)