Chapter I1

WALLAGA
UNIVERSITY
Dep’t:
Mechanical Engineering
Course: Instrumentation and Measurement

CHAPTER-1
Basic Principles of Measurement

Objective
• Defining Measurement systems, generalized configuration, and functional

descriptions.
• Explaining dynamic performance characteristics sources of error.
• Showing the classification, and Elimination of error.
• Understanding the theory and construction of various transducers to measure

displacement.
11/26/2023 3
Measurement
◦ Measurement is used to tell us about:
◦ Length, weight and temperature are a change of these physical measurement.
◦ It is describing the various physical and chemical parameters of materials in

quantitative terms.
◦ Whereby they are the result of an opinion formed by one or more observes about
the relative size or intensity of some physical quantities.
11/26/2023 4
Continued..
Figure-Displacement Measurement
Note:
The 10mm object show about 10mm object length is as larger than 1mm; the unit
express the length. 11/26/2023 5
Continued …
◦ Two requirements to be satisfied to get good result from the measurement.
1. The standard must be accurately known and internationally accepted.
2. The apparatus and experimental procedure adopted for comparison must be

provable.
11/26/2023 6
Instrumentation
◦ The human senses cannot provide exact quantitative information about the knowledge
of events occurring in our environments.
• The firm requirements of precise and accurate measurements in the technological
fields have led to the development of mechanical aids called instruments.
Methods of Measurement
1. Direct and Indirect measurement
2. Primary , secondary & tertiary measurement.
3. Contact and non-contact type of measurement

11/26/2023 7
Continued..
1. Direct and In Direct Measurement
a. Direct Measurement
The value of the physical parameter is determined by comparing it directly with

different standards
E.g. Mass, length and time
11/26/2023 8
Figure- Direct Measurement
Continued..
b. In Direct Measurement
◦ The value of the physical parameter is more generally determined by indirect

comparison with the secondary standards through calibration.
E.g. The measurement is converting into an analogous signal which subsequently
process and fed to the end device at present the result of measurement.
Figure- Direct Measurement 11/26/2023 9

Continued..
2. Primary , Secondary & Tertiary Measurement.

Based upon the complexity of the measurement systems, it grouped into three
categories.
• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary.
11/26/2023 10
Continued..
a. Primary Measurement
◦ The sought value of physical parameter is determined by comparing it directly with reference standards
the required information is obtained to sense of side and touch.
◦ Direct observation and comparison no involvement of conversion.
Examples:
a) Matching of two lengths is determining the length of a object with ruler.
b) Estimation the temperature difference between the components of the container by inserting fingers.
c) Measurement of time by counting a number of strokes of a block.
11/26/2023 11
Continued..
Figure-Primary Measurement
11/26/2023 12
Continued..
b. Secondary Measurement
◦ The indirect measurements involving one transmission are called secondary

measurements
Examples:
a) The convergent of pressure into displacement by means of be allows and the
convergent of force into displacement.
b) Pressure measurement by manometer and the temperature measurement by mercury
in glass tube thermometer.
11/26/2023 13
Continued..
Figure-Secondary Measurement 11/26/2023 14

Continued..
c. Tertiary Measurement
◦ The indirect measurements involving two convergent are called tertiary measurements.
Examples:
a) The measurement of static pressure by boundary tube pressure gauge is a typical

example of tertiary measurement.
b) Measurement of shaft rotation speed from permanent magnet to spring pointer
which will be observed.
11/26/2023 15
Continued..
Figure-Tertiary Measurement
11/26/2023 16
Continued..
3. Contact and Non-contact Type of Measurement
◦ Contact type
Where the sensing element of measuring device as a contact with medium whose
characteristics are being measured.
Example: Thermometer
◦ Non-contact type
Where the sense doesn't communicate physically with the medium.

Example:
The optical, radioactive and some of the electronic measurement. 11/26/2023 17
Continued..
Figure-Contact type
11/26/2023 18
Continued..
Figure-Non-contact type 11/26/2023 19

Continued..
Advantages of Instrumentation
◦ To measure and control the field parameters
◦ To increase safety and efficiency of the process.
◦ To achieve good quality.
◦ To achieve auto machine and automatic control of process there by reducing human
interference .
◦ To maintain the operation of the plan within the design exportations and to achieve good
quantity product.
11/26/2023 20
Measurement System and Its Functional Elements
◦ A system of measurement is a collection of units of measurement and rules relating

them to each other.
◦ It include
1. The International System of Units (SI),
2. The modern form of the metric system,
3. The British imperial system, and
4. The United States customary system.
11/26/2023 21
continued…
◦ There are two main systems of measurement in the world:
1. The Metric (or decimal) system and
2. The US standard system.,
◦ Even though, in each system there are different units for measuring things like volume
and mass.
◦ Types of scales such as nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scale.
11/26/2023 22
continued…
The seven SI base units:
• Length - meter (m)

• Time - second (s)
• Amount of substance - mole (mole)
• Electric current - ampere (A)
• Temperature - kelvin (K)
• Luminous intensity - candela (cd)
• Mass - kilogram (kg)
11/26/2023 23
continued…
Figure-General Measuring System

11/26/2023 24
Continued..
Figure- Measurement Progress 11/26/2023 25

Continued..
Performance characteristics of a measuring instrument
◦ It is conclusion by low accurately the system measures the requires input and
how absolutely it reject the undesirable inputs.
◦ Characteristics that show the performance of an instrument are accuracy,

precision, resolution, sensitivity etc.
◦ It allows users to select the most suitable instrument for specific measuring jobs.
Error = Measured Value ( Mv) – True Value (Tv )

11/26/2023 26
Continued..
Figure-Characteristics performance of an instrument

11/26/2023 27
Continued..
Static characteristics
1. Range and span, 8. Threshold,

2. Accuracy, error, correction, 9. Resolution(detect and faithfully indicate
small change),
3. Calibration,
10. Drift(slow variation of a performance),
4. Repeatability, 11. Hysteresis(maximum difference in
5. Reproducibility output at any measurement value), dead
zone.
6. Precision,
7. Sensitivity,
11/26/2023 28
Continued..
Dynamic Characteristics
1. Speed of response and measuring lag,
2. Fidelity (degree of exactness)and dynamic error,
3. Over shoot(Exceeding its target),
4. Dead time and dead zone,
5. Frequency response.
Figure- 11/26/2023 29
11/26/2023
End
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WALLAGA

Course: Instrumentation and Measurement

Basic Principles of Measurement

• Defining Measurement systems, generalized configuration, and functional

• Explaining dynamic performance characteristics sources of error.

• Showing the classification, and Elimination of error.

• Understanding the theory and construction of various transducers to measure

◦ Measurement is used to tell us about:

◦ Length, weight and temperature are a change of these physical measurement.

◦ It is describing the various physical and chemical parameters of materials in

◦ Two requirements to be satisfied to get good result from the measurement.

1. The standard must be accurately known and internationally accepted.

2. The apparatus and experimental procedure adopted for comparison must be

1. Direct and Indirect measurement

2. Primary , secondary & tertiary measurement.

3. Contact and non-contact type of measurement

1. Direct and In Direct Measurement

The value of the physical parameter is determined by comparing it directly with

◦ The value of the physical parameter is more generally determined by indirect

Figure- Direct Measurement 11/26/2023 9

2. Primary , Secondary & Tertiary Measurement.

the required information is obtained to sense of side and touch.

◦ Direct observation and comparison no involvement of conversion.

a) Matching of two lengths is determining the length of a object with ruler.

c) Measurement of time by counting a number of strokes of a block.

◦ The indirect measurements involving one transmission are called secondary

Figure-Secondary Measurement 11/26/2023 14

a) The measurement of static pressure by boundary tube pressure gauge is a typical

3. Contact and Non-contact Type of Measurement

Where the sense doesn't communicate physically with the medium.

Figure-Non-contact type 11/26/2023 19

◦ To measure and control the field parameters

◦ To increase safety and efficiency of the process.

◦ To achieve good quality.

◦ A system of measurement is a collection of units of measurement and rules relating

1. The International System of Units (SI),

2. The modern form of the metric system,

3. The British imperial system, and

4. The United States customary system.

◦ There are two main systems of measurement in the world:

1. The Metric (or decimal) system and

2. The US standard system.,

◦ Types of scales such as nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scale.

The seven SI base units:

• Length - meter (m)

Figure-General Measuring System

Figure- Measurement Progress 11/26/2023 25

Performance characteristics of a measuring instrument

◦ Characteristics that show the performance of an instrument are accuracy,

Error = Measured Value ( Mv) – True Value (Tv )

Figure-Characteristics performance of an instrument

1. Range and span, 8. Threshold,

1. Speed of response and measuring lag,

2. Fidelity (degree of exactness)and dynamic error,

3. Over shoot(Exceeding its target),

4. Dead time and dead zone,

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