Hydrology Water Quality

John Beals
Hydrology / Water Quality

EMI-7105
Environmental Monitoring & ImpactAssessment
September 11, 2023
EMI7105
Environmental Monitoring & Impact Assessment
Contact Information
John Beals
john.beals@cambiancollege.ca
Course Expectations
 Attend class
Put in an effort
Hand in assignments on time
Study and prepare
Turn off cell phones
Course Topics
 Hydrologic / Water Cycle
 Surface Water
 Sampling techniques
 Measure and evaluate water quality parameters
 Site assessment
 Ground Water
 Sampling techniques
 Measure and evaluate water quality parameters
 Site assessment
 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water
 Analysis of Water Data
 Quality Assurance and Quality Control of Water Data
 Water Regulations
Learning Activities
Combination of theory and practical hands on learning
 Lectures
 Class Discussions
 Labs
 Group Work
 Research
 Field Work
 Self-Directed Learning
 Presentations
 In-Class Exercises
 Field Trip(s)
 Case Studies
Course Evaluation Method
 Assignments 35%
 Assignments
 Quiz(s)
 Presentation
 Test / Exams 65%
 Midterm 25%
 Final 40%
Introduction – My Background
Introduction
 Name
 Where are you from
 Education Background
 Work Experience
 What are your expectations from the program / course
 Tell us something interesting about yourself
What is water?
Properties of Water and Fundamentals of the Hydrologic Cycle
Water H20
It is the most abundant substance on the surface of Earth and the only common substance to
exist as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth's surface. It is also the third most abundant molecule
in the universe. Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula H 2O. It is a
transparent, tasteless, odourless, and nearly colorless chemical substance. It is vital for all
known forms of life, despite not providing food energy, or organic micronutrients
The Hydrogen Bond

• Water (H2O) is a polar inorganic compound that at room temperature is a tasteless
and odorless liquid. A hydrogen bond is an intermolecular force (IMF) that forms a
special type of dipole-dipole attraction when a hydrogen atom bonded to a strongly
electronegative atom exists in the vicinity of another electronegative atom with a
lone pair of electrons. Intermolecular forces (IMFs) occur between molecules.
• The chemical bond that is present in a water molecule is a polar covalent bond
which is significant because there is an unequal sharing of the electrons with cause
water to be polar in nature. This is important to the water molecule and is the
foundation to the physical properties of water.
The Hydrogen Bond
Properties of Water
• Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and are strongly polar.
This polarity allows it to dissociate ions in salts and bond to other polar
substances such as alcohols and acids, thus dissolving them. Its hydrogen
bonding causes its many unique properties, such as having a solid form less
dense than its liquid form, a relatively high boiling point of 100 °C for its molar
mass, and a high heat capacity.
• Water is amphoteric, meaning that it can exhibit properties of an acid or a base,

depending on the pH of the solution that it is in; it readily produces both H+ and
OH− (Hydroxide) ions.
Properties of Water
• Within the Earth's atmosphere and surface, the liquid phase is the most
common and is the form that is generally expressed by the word "water". The
solid phase of water is known as ice and commonly takes the structure of hard,
amalgamated crystals, such as ice cubes, or loosely accumulated granular
crystals, like snow. The gaseous phase of water is known as water vapor (or
steam). Visible steam and clouds are formed from minute droplets of water
suspended in the air.
Properties of Water
• When does water have the most density?

Properties of Water
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5Vm56Pu4hU
Properties of Water con’t
• The density of water is about 1 gram per cubic centimetre. The density varies
with temperature, but not linearly as the temperature increases, the density
rises to a peak at 3.98 °C and then decreases; the initial increase is unusual
because most liquids undergo thermal expansion so that the density only
decreases as a function of temperature.
• Ice is also less dense than liquid water—upon freezing, the density of water
decreases by about 9%.
• Above 4 °C, however, thermal expansion becomes the dominant effect and
water near the boiling point (100 °C) is about 4% less dense than water at 4 °C
• The unusual density curve and lower density of ice than of water is essential for
much of the life on earth if water were most dense at the freezing point, then in
winter the cooling at the surface would lead to convective mixing. Once 0 °C
are reached, the water body would freeze from the bottom up, and all life in it
would be killed
• Electrical conductivity, pure water containing no exogeneous ions is an
excellent electronic insulator, but not even "deionized" water is completely free
of ions. Water undergoes autoionization in the liquid state when two water
molecules form one hydroxide anion (OH−) and one hydronium cation (H3O+).
Because of autoionization water can not be considered to be a completely
dielectric material or electrical insulator but to be a limited conductor of ionic
charge.
• Because water is such a good solvent, it almost always has some solute
dissolved in it, often a salt. If water has even a tiny amount of such an impurity,
then the ions can carry charges back and forth, allowing the water to conduct
electricity far more readily.
• Another significance of its structure is that water is a polar molecule. Within a
normal water molecule there is a slightly negatively charged area by the oxygen
atom and a slightly positive charged area by the two hydrogen atoms. The
charge differences cause water molecules to aggregate (the relatively positive
areas being attracted to the relatively negative areas). This attraction, hydrogen
bonding, explains many of the properties of water.
• Although hydrogen bonding is a relatively weak attraction compared to the

polar covalent bonds within the water molecule itself, it is responsible for
several of the water's physical properties. These properties include its relatively
high melting and boiling point temperatures: more energy is required to break
the hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
• Water molecules stay close to each other cohesion, due to the collective action
of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. These hydrogen bonds are
constantly breaking, with new bonds being formed with different water
molecules; but at any given time in a sample of liquid water, a large portion of
the molecules are held together by such bonds
• Water has an unusually high surface tension of 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C which is

caused by the strength of the hydrogen bonding between water molecules. This
surface tension allows insects to walk on water.
• Because water has strong cohesive and adhesive forces, it exhibits capillary
action. Strong cohesion from hydrogen bonding and adhesion allows trees to
transport water more than 100 m upward.
• Water is an excellent solvent due to its polar nature. Substances that mix well
and dissolve in water are known as hydrophilic "water-loving" substances, while
those that do not mix well with water are known as hydrophobic "water-fearing"
substances. The ability of a substance to dissolve in water is determined by
whether or not the substance can match or better the strong attractive forces
that water molecules generate between other water molecules.
• When an ionic or polar compound enters water, it is surrounded by water
molecules (hydration). The relatively small size of water molecules allows many
water molecules to surround one molecule of solute. The partially negative
ends of the water are attracted to positively charged components of the solute,
and vice versa for the positive dipole ends.
• In general, ionic and polar substances such as acids, alcohols, and salts are
relatively soluble in water, and nonpolar substances such as fats and oils are
not. Nonpolar molecules stay together in water because it is energetically more
favorable for the water molecules to hydrogen bond to each other than to
engage in interactions with non-polar molecules.
• An example of an ionic solute is table salt; the sodium chloride NaCl separates
into Na+ cations and Cl− anions, each being surrounded by water molecules.
The ions are then easily transported away from their crystalline lattice into
solution. An example of a nonionic solute is table sugar. The water dipoles
make hydrogen bonds with the polar regions of the sugar molecule (OH
groups) and allow it to be carried away into solution.
What is the Hydrologic / Water Cycle?

The Hydrologic / Water Cycle
• The water cycle is often taught as a simple circular cycle of evaporation,
condensation, and precipitation. Although this can be a useful model, the reality
is much more complicated. The paths and influences of water through Earth’s
ecosystems are extremely complex and not completely understood.
• The water cycle shows the continuous movement of water within the Earth and
atmosphere. It is a complex system that includes many different processes.
Liquid water evaporates into water vapor, condenses to form clouds, and
precipitates back to earth in the form of rain and snow. Water in different
phases moves through the atmosphere (transportation). Liquid water flows
across land (runoff), into the ground (infiltration and percolation), and through
the ground (groundwater). Groundwater moves into plants (plant uptake) and
evaporates from plants into the atmosphere (transpiration). Solid ice and snow
can turn directly into gas (sublimation). The opposite can also take place when
water vapor becomes solid (deposition).
The Hydrologic / Water Cycle con’t
• Water influences the intensity of climate variability and change. It is the key part
of extreme events such as drought and floods. Its abundance and timely
delivery are critical for meeting the needs of society and ecosystems. Humans
use water for drinking, industrial applications, irrigating agriculture, hydroelectric
power generation, waste disposal, and recreation. It is important that water
sources are protected both for human uses and ecosystem health. In many
areas, water supplies are being depleted because of population growth,
pollution, and development. These stresses have been made worse by climate
variations and changes that affect the hydrologic cycle.
• Climate change is affecting where, when, and how much water is available.
Extreme weather events such as droughts and heavy precipitation, which are
expected to increase as climate changes, can impact water resources. A lack of
adequate water supplies, flooding, or degraded water quality impacts civilization
now and throughout history. These challenges can affect the economy, energy
production and use, human health, transportation, agriculture, national security,
natural ecosystems, and recreation.
• Evaporation is the process that changes liquid water to gaseous water (water
vapor). Water moves from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere via
evaporation.
• Evaporation occurs when energy (heat) forces the bonds that hold water
molecules together to break. When you’re boiling water on the stove, you’re
adding heat to liquid water. This added heat breaks the bonds, causing the
water to shift from its liquid state to its gaseous state (water vapor), which we
know as steam.
• Water easily evaporates at its boiling point (212° F, 100° C) but evaporates
much more slowly at its freezing point because of the heat energy required to
evaporate the water.
• Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. The sun (solar energy)
drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other
sources of water. Evaporation of water occurs when the surface of the liquid is
exposed, allowing molecules to escape and form water vapor; this vapor can
then rise up and form clouds.
• Transpiration is another important part of the water cycle. Transpiration is the
process of water vapor being released from plants and soil. Plants release
water vapor through microscopic pores called stomata. The opening of stomata
is strongly influenced by light, and so is often associated with the sun and the
process of evaporation
• Evapotranspiration is the sum of all processes by which water moves from the
land surface to the atmosphere via evaporation and transpiration.
Evapotranspiration includes water evaporation into the atmosphere from the
soil surface, evaporation from the capillary fringe of the groundwater table, and
evaporation from water bodies on land. Evapotranspiration also includes
transpiration, which is the water movement from the soil to the atmosphere via
plants. Transpiration occurs when plants take up liquid water from the soil and
release water vapor into the air from their leaves.
• Condensation is the process where water vapor becomes liquid. It is the
reverse of evaporation, where liquid water becomes a vapor. Condensation
happens one of two ways; either the air is cooled to its dew point or it becomes
so saturated with water vapor that it cannot hold any more water. Condensation
is crucial to the water cycle because it is responsible for the formation of
clouds.
• Even though clouds are absent in a crystal clear blue sky, water is still present
in the form of water vapor and droplets which are too small to be seen.
Depending on weather conditions, water molecules will combine with tiny
particles of dust, salt, and smoke in the air to form cloud droplets, which
combine and grow and develop into clouds, a form of water we can see. Cloud
droplets can vary greatly in size, from 10 microns to as large as 5 mm. This
process occurs higher in the sky where the air is cooler and more condensation
occurs relative to evaporation. As water droplets combine with each other and
clouds develop and grow in size.
• Precipitation is water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain,
sleet, snow, or hail. It is the primary connection in the water cycle that provides
for the delivery of atmospheric water to the Earth. Most precipitation falls as
rain.
• Clouds overhead contain water vapour, which are small drops of condensed
water. These droplets are way too small to fall as precipitation, but they are
large enough to form visible clouds. Water is continually evaporating and
condensing in the sky. If you look closely at a cloud you can see some parts
disappearing (evaporating) while other parts are growing (condensation).
• For precipitation to happen, tiny water droplets must condense on even smaller
dust, salt, or smoke particles, which act as a nucleus. Water droplets may grow
as a result of additional condensation of water vapor when the particles collide.
If the water droplet gets large enough with a fall velocity which exceeds the
cloud updraft speed, then it will fall out of the cloud as precipitation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4YPtgJw0QU
Surface Water
Next Class Action Items
• Review the Hydrologic / Water Cycle
• Calculate rainfall fall volumes over surface area.
• Using 10 mm of rainfall
• Using Timmins Storm (August 31, 1961)
• What are some potential anthropogenic considerations in relation to the water cycle.
• Surface Water
• Runoff
• Contact Water / Leachate
• Factors Affecting Runoff
• Spring Freshet

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John Beals

Hydrology / Water Quality

The Hydrogen Bond

• Water is amphoteric, meaning that it can exhibit properties of an acid or a base,

• When does water have the most density?

• Although hydrogen bonding is a relatively weak attraction compared to the

• Water has an unusually high surface tension of 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C which is

What is the Hydrologic / Water Cycle?

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