Chapter 5

Capacitors and Inductors

First order Circuits

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 Capacitors and Inductors
Chapter 5
5.1 Capacitors
5.2 Series and Parallel Capacitors
5.3 Inductors
5.4 Series and Parallel Inductors
5.5 First order Circuits (Part-B)

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 Introduction
• Introduce two new and important passive linear circuit
elements:
• The capacitor and the inductor.
• Resistors are dissipate (disperse/Waste) energy.
• capacitors and inductors do not dissipate but store energy,
which can be retrieved at a later time.
• For this reason, capacitors and inductors are In contrast to
a resistor, which spends or dissipate- called storage
elements.
• Capacitor and inductor can store energy only and
they can neither generate nor dissipate energy.

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 5.1 Capacitors (1)
• A capacitor is a passive element designed
to store energy in its electric field.

• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates

separated by an insulator (or dielectric).
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 5.2 Capacitors

 A capacitor consists of two conducting plates

separated by an insulator (or dielectric).
εA
C
d
   r 0
 0  8 .854  10 12 (F/m)

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 Common types of fixed-value capacitors.
 Polyester capacitors are light in weight, stable, and their change
with temperature is predictable.
 Instead of polyester, other dielectric materials such as mica and
polystyrene may be used.
 Film capacitors are rolled and housed in metal or plastic films.
 Electrolytic capacitors produce very high capacitance.

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 The most common types of variable capacitors.
 The capacitance of a trimmer (or padder) capacitor or a glass piston capacitor is varied by
turning the screw.
 The trimmer capacitor is often placed in parallel with another capacitor so that the equivalent
capacitance can be varied slightly.
 The capacitance of the variable air capacitor (meshed plates) is varied by turning the shaft.
 Variable capacitors are used in radio receivers allowing one to tune to various stations.
 In addition, capacitors are used to block dc, pass ac, shift phase, store energy, start motors, and
suppress noise.

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 Voltage Limit on a Capacitor

 Since q=Cv, the plate charge increases as the

voltage increases. The electric field intensity
between two plates increases. If the voltage across
the capacitor is so large that the field intensity is
large enough to break down the insulation of the
dielectric, the capacitor is out of work. Hence,
every practical capacitor has a maximum limit on
its operating voltage.

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Three factors determine the value of the capacitance:

Capacitor voltage rating and capacitance are typically inversely

rated due to the relationships. Arcing occurs if d is small and V
is high.
1. The surface area of the plates—the larger the area, the
greater the capacitance.
2. The spacing between the plates—the smaller the spacing, the
greater the capacitance.
3. The permittivity of the material—the higher the Permittivity,
the greater the capacitance.

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 5.1 Capacitors (2)
• Capacitance C is the ratio of the charge q on one
plate of a capacitor to the voltage difference v
between the two plates, measured in farads (F).

qC v  A
and C
d

• Where  is the permittivity of the dielectric material

between the plates, A is the surface area of each plate,
d is the distance between the plates.
• Unit: F, pF (10–12), nF (10–9), and F (10–6)
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 5.1 Capacitors (3)
• If i is flowing into the +ve
terminal of C
– Charging => i is +ve
– Discharging => i is –ve

• The current-voltage relationship of capacitor

according to above convention is

dv 1 t
iC
dt
and v
C 
t0
i d t  v(t0 )

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 5.1 Capacitors (4)
• The energy, w, stored in
the capacitor is

1
w Cv 2

2
• A capacitor is
– an open circuit to dc (dv/dt = 0).
– its voltage cannot change abruptly(shortly).

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 5.2 Series and Parallel
Capacitors (1)
• The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected capacitors is the
sum of the individual capacitances.

C eq  C1  C 2  ...  C N

The equivalent capacitance of N series-connected capacitors is the

reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual capacitances.

1 1 1 1
   ... 
C eq C1 C 2 CN

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find the voltage across each capacitor for the below circuit

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 Inductors
• An inductor is a passive element designed to
store energy in its magnetic field.
• Inductors find numerous applications in electronic
and power systems.
• They are used in power supplies, transformers,
radios, TVs, radars, and electric motors.
• Any conductor of electric current has inductive
properties and may be regarded as an inductor.
But in order to enhance the inductive effect,
• a practical inductor is usually formed into a
cylindrical coil with many turns of conducting wire

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 5.3 Inductors (1)
• An inductor is a passive element designed
to store energy in its magnetic field.

• An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.

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 5.4 Inductors
• An inductor is made of a coil of
conducting wire
N A
2
L
l

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Fig 5.22
N 2 A
L
l
  r 0
 0  4  10  7 (H/m)

N : number of turns.
l :length.
A:cross  sectional area.
 : permeability of the core

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Fig 5.23

(a) air-core
(b) iron-core
(c) variable iron-core

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 Flux in Inductors
• The relation between the flux in
inductor and the current through the
inductor is given below.
ψ Linear

  Li Nonlinear

i
1H  1 Weber/A

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 Energy Storage Form
• An inductor is a passive element
designed to store energy in the
magnetic field while a capacitor
stores energy in the electric field.

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 I-V Relation of Inductors
i

• An inductor consists of a +

coil of conducting wire. v

L

d di
v L
dt dt

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 Physical Meaning
d di
v L
dt dt
• When the current through an inductor is a
constant, then the voltage across the
inductor is zero, same as a short circuit.
• No abrupt change of the current through
an inductor is possible except an infinite
voltage across the inductor is applied.
• The inductor can be used to generate a
high voltage, for example, used as an
igniting element.
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 Fig 5.25
• An inductor are like a short circuit to dc.
• The current through an inductor cannot
change instantaneously.

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 1 1 t
di  vdt i   v (t ) dt
L L  +

v
1 t
i   v(t )dt  i (to )
L

L to -

The inductor has memory.

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 Energy Stored in an
Inductor
 di 
P  vi   L  i +
 dt 
t t  di  v
L
w   pdt    L idt
 dt  -
i (t ) 1 2 1 2
 L i (  ) i di  Li (t )  Li () i ()  0,
2
• The energy stored in an inductor
2

1 2
w (t )  L i (t )
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Model of a Practical Inductor

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 Example 5.10
• Consider the
circuit in Fig
6.27(a). Under dc
conditions, find:
(a) i, vC, and iL.
(b) the energy
stored in the
capacitor and
inductor.
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 Example 5.10
Solution: capacitor  open circuit
(a )Under dc condition : inductor  short circuit
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i  iL   2 A, vc  5i  10 V
1 5
(b) 1 1
wc  Cvc  (1)(10 )  50J,
2
2

2 2
1 2 1
wL  Li  (2)(2 2 )  4J
2 2
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Inductors in Series
L eq  L1  L 2  L 3  ...  L N

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Inductors in Parallel

1 1 1 1
   
L eq L1 L 2 LN

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• The inductor in various connection
has the same effect as the resistor.
Hence, the Y-Δ transformation of
inductors can be similarly derived.

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 Example 6.11

 Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit shown

in Fig. 6.31.

H-Henry

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 Example 6.11

 Solution:

Series : 20H, 12H, 10H

 42H
7  42
Parallel :  6H
7  42
 Leq  4  6  8  18H

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Practice Problem 6.11

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 Example 5.12

 Find the circuit in Fig. 5.33, 10t

i (t )  4(2  e )mA.
If i (0)  1 mAfind , : (a) i (0)
2 1

(b) v(t ), v1 (t ), and v2 (t ); (c) i1 (t ) and i2 (t )

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 Example 6.12

Solution:
10 t
(a ) i (t )  4(2  e )mA  i (0)  4(2  1)  4mA.
 i1 (0)  i (0)  i2 (0)  4  (1)  5mA
(b) The equivalent inductance is
Leq  2  4 || 12  2  3  5H
di 10 t 10 t
 v(t )  Leq  5(4)(1)( 10)e mV  200e mV
dt
di 10 t 10 t
v1 (t )  2  2(4)(10)e mV  80e mV
dt
10 t
 v2 (t )  v(t )  v1(t )  120e mV
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 Example 6.12

1 t
(c) i  0 v(t ) dt  i (0) 
L
1 t 120 t 10t
i1 (t )  0 v2 dt  i1 (0)   e dt  5 mA
4 4 0
10 t t
 3e  5 mA  3e 10t  3  5  8  3e 10t mA
0
1 t 120 t 10t
i2 (t )  0 v2 dt  i2 (0)   e dt  1mA
12 12 0

10 t t
 e  1mA  e 10t  1  1  e 10t mA
0
Note that i1 (t )  i2 (t )  i (t )
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 Current and voltage relationship for
R, L, C
Current & Voltage Relationship

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