CHAPTER FOUR

INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

1
After accomplishing this chapter, Students will be able to:

➢ Describe IoT
➢ Explain the history of IoT
➢ Describe the pros and cons of IoT
➢ Explain how IoT works
➢ Explain the architecture of IoT
➢ Describe IoT tools and platforms
➢ Describe some of the application areas of IoT

2
4.1. What is IoT
The description of the Internet of Things is related to different definitions used by several groups concept in the whole world.
 According to Internet of Architecture (IAB) definition,

 IoT is the networking of smart objects, meaning a huge number of devices intelligently communicating in the presence of
internet protocol that cannot be directly operated by human beings. example components in buildings, vehicles
 According to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) organization’s definition,

 IoT is the networking of smart objects in which smart objects have some constraints such as limited bandwidth, power, and
processing accessibility for achieving interoperability among smart objects.
 According to the IEEE Communications category magazine’s definition,

 IoT is a framework of all things that have a representation in the presence of the internet in such a way that new
applications and services enable the interaction in the physical and virtual world in the form of Machine-to-Machine
(M2M) communication in the cloud.
 According to the Oxford dictionary’s definition,

 IoT is the interaction of everyday object’s computing devices through the Internet that enables to transfers useful data
 According to the 2020 conceptual framework is expressed through a simple formula such as:
 IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors 3
 Generally, The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with
electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange
data.
 IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or
people
 IoT have ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.
 IoT is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate and transfer data over the internet without any human
intervention.

4
4.2. IoT − Advantages
 Here is a list of some of the advantages that IoT has to offer:
 Improved Customer Engagement
 Technology Optimization - IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.
 Reduced Waste - IoT makes areas of improvement clear. IoT provides real-world information leading to the
more effective management of resources.
 Enhanced Data Collection - IoT breaks it out of those spaces and places it exactly where humans really
want to go to analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.
4.3. IoT – Disadvantages
 Here is a list of some of the disadvantages of IoT. these are:
 the potential increase of hacker to steal information.
 Corruption in connected device due toIa bug in the system,
 no international standard of compatibility for IoT,
 it’s difficult for devices from different manufacturers to communicate with each other. 5
4.4. Challenges of IoT
 Here is a list of some its major issues:
 Security − IoT may be leaves users exposed to various kinds of attackers.
 Privacy − IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail without the user's active participation.
 Complexity − IoT systems is complicated in terms of design, deployment, and maintenance
 Flexibility − IoT system can integrate easily with another.
 Compliance − IoT comply with regulations.
4.2. How does it work
 An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded processors, sensors and
communication hardware to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environments.
 IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or another edge device where
data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
 Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information they get from
one another. The devices do most of the work without human intervention 6
4.2 Architecture of IoT
 In general, an IoT device can be explained as a network of things that consists of hardware, software, network
connectivity, and sensors.
 Hence, the architecture of IoT devices comprises four major components:
 sensing Layer ,
 network Layer,
 data processing Layer, and
 application layers.

7
1. Sensing Layer –
 The main purpose of the sensing layer is to identify any phenomena in the devices’ peripheral and obtain data from the real
world. This layer consists of several sensors. Sensors in IoT devices are usually integrated through sensor hubs.
 A sensor hub is a common connection point for multiple sensors that accumulate and forward sensor data to the processing
unit of a device.
 Actuators can also intervene to change the physical conditions that generate the data. An actuator might, for example, shut off
a power supply, adjust an airflow valve, or move a robotic gripper in an assembly process.
 Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into three broad categories as described below:
 A. Motion Sensors: Motion sensors measure the change in motion as well as the orientation of the devices.
There are two types of motions one can observe in a device: linear and angular motions. The linear motion refers to the linear
displacement of an IoT device while the angular motion refers to the rotational displacement of the device.
 B. Environmental Sensors: Sensors such as Light sensors, Pressure sensors, etc. are embedded in IoT devices to sense the
change in environmental parameters in the device’s peripheral.
 For instance, environment sensors are used in many applications to improve user experience (e.g., home automation systems,
smart locks, smart lights, etc.).
8
C. Position sensors: Position sensors of IoT devices deal with the physical position and location of the device. The most
common position sensors used in IoT devices are magnetic sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors. Magnetic
sensors are usually used as digital compass and help to fix the orientation of the device display. On the other hand, GPS is
used for navigation purposes in IoT devices.
2. Network Layer - The network layer acts as a communication channel to transfer data, collected in the sensing layer, to
other connected devices. In IoT devices, the network layer is implemented by using diverse communication technologies
(e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, ZWave, LoRa, cellular network, etc.) to allow data flow between other devices within the
same network.
3. Data Processing Layer - The data processing layer consists of the main data processing unit of IoT devices. The data
processing layer takes data collected in the sensing layer and analyses the data to make decisions based on the result.
In some IoT devices (e.g., smart watch, smart home hub, etc.), the data processing layer also saves the result of the previous
analysis to improve the user experience.
This layer may share the result of data processing with other connected devices via the network layer.
4. Application Layer - The application layer implements and presents the results of the data processing layer to accomplish
disparate applications of IoT devices. The application layer is a user-centric layer that executes various tasks for the users.
There exist diverse IoT applications, which include smart transportation, smart home, personal care, healthcare, etc. 9
4.2.2. Devices and Networks
 IOT devices are groups: consumer, enterprise and industrial.
 Consumer connected devices include :-
 smart TVs, smart speakers, toys, wearables, and smart appliances.
 industrial and enterprise IoT device s includes:
 smart meters, commercial security systems and smart city technologies such as those used to monitor traffic and weather
conditions smart air conditioning, smart thermostats, smart lighting, and smart security, span home smart sensors in a
conference room..
 IoT network typically includes a number of devices with constrained resources (power, processing, memory, among
others) and some of those devices may be massively deployed over large areas like smart cities, industrial plants, whereas
others may be deployed in hard-to-reach areas like pipelines hazardous zones, or even in hostile environments like war
zones.

10
4.3. IoT Tools and Platforms
These IoT Platform Solutions are based on the Internet of Things and cloud technology. They can be used in areas of smart
home, city, enterprise, home automation, healthcare or automotive, just to name a few.

IoT Platform Key features

KAA • Manage an unlimited number of connected devices
• Set up cross-device interoperability
• Perform real-time device monitoring
• Perform remote device provisioning and configuration
• Collect and analyze sensor data
• Analyze user behavior and deliver targeted notifications
• Create cloud services for smart products

SiteWhere • Run any number of IoT applications on a single SiteWhere instance

• Spring delivers the core configuration framework
• Add devices through self-registration
• Integrates with third-party integration frameworks such as Mule any point
• Default database storage is MongoDB
• Eclipse Californium for CoAP messaging
• InfluxDB for event data storage
• Grafana to visualize SiteWhere data

ThingSpeak • Collect data in private channels

• Share data with public channels
• MATLAB analytics and visualizations
• Alerts
• Event scheduling
• App integrations
• Worldwide community

11
 Directly integrate with Alexa
• Visualization dashboard of your choice\
• It supports Big data solutions such as ElasticSearch, Apache Spark,Cassandra and Kafka for
real-time and batch processing.\
DeviceHive
• Connect any device• It comes with Apache Spark and Spark Streaming support.
• Supports libraries written in various programming languages,including Android and iOS
libraries
• It allows running batch analytics and machine learning on top of yourdevice data

zetta
• Supports a wide range of hacker boards
• Zetta allows you to assemble smartphone apps, device apps, and cloudapps

Real-time data visualization and remote device control

• Customizable rules, plugins, widgets and transport implementations
Allows monitoring client-side and provision server-side deviceattributes.
• Support multi-tenant installations out-of-the-box.
• Supports transport encryption for both MQTT and HTTP(s) protocols

12
 Applications of IoT
The versatile nature of IoT makes it an attractive option for so many businesses, organizations, and government branches,
that it doesn’t make sense to ignore it. Here’s a sample of various industries, and how IoT can be best applied.
• Agriculture - For indoor planting, IoT makes monitoring and management of microclimate conditions a reality, which in
turn increases production.
For outside planting, devices using IoT technology can sense soil moisture and nutrients, in conjunction with weather data,
better control smart irrigation and fertilizer systems. If the sprinkler systems
dispense water only when needed, for example, this prevents wasting a precious resource.
• Consumer Use - For private citizens, IoT devices in the form of wearables and smart homes make life easier.
 Wearable cover accessories such as Fitbit, smartphones, Apple watches, health monitors, to name a few. These devices
improve entertainment, network connectivity, health, and fitness.
 Smart homes take care of things like activating environmental controls so that your house is at peak comfort when you
come home. Dinner that requires either an oven or a crockpot can be started remotely, so the food is ready when you
arrive. Security is made more accessible as well, with the consumer having the ability
13
Smart Home and Office

14
Smart Door access control system
 Users can grant access to the doors using the mobile app and lock them again once the person leaves the premises.
 For example, if a person wants to enter your house while you are not around, you can open the door for that person
using the Smartphone application.
Smart lighting for home and office
 Smart lighting is one of the attractive smart home applications using the Internet of Things.
 In addition to energy saving, it also enables us to manage effectively.
 Light ambiance can be changed using smart hub devices or smartphone apps.
 Smart lighting can be configured to respond to voice commands and motion detectors/proximity sensors.
 These sensors will activate the light when someone enters the room or leaves the room.
 Moreover, it can be configured to turn on when the ambient light is below a certain threshold (turn on when sun light is
low).
Automated Gate and garage
 you may open or close the gate using mobile devices.

15
Smart thermostats and humidity controllers
Smart thermostats are cost-effective and convenient smart-home solutions that can be controlled using an internet connection
and smart hub device (or using a Smartphone app).
Common sensors for home/office automation:
 Motion/proximity sensors
 Voice controlled sensor
 Light sensor
 Temperature and humidity sensors
 Smoke/fire sensor
 Precipitation sensor
 Smart lighting on streets
 Once the person or vehicle is away from that area, smart light will automatically reduce light intensity to save energy.
Maximum light intensity will be activated during emergencies to support recovery activities.
 Since the smart lighting systems are connected to the control and monitoring network, any faulty light units will be
automatically reported, and necessary maintenance will be initiated.
16
Pollution monitoring and reporting
Increasing air pollution is one of the challenges we face in growing cities. To solve this issue, smart sensors are deployed
across the cities to monitor any changes continuously.
 Some of the standard sensors are temperature, air quality (like CO2 level, haze, and smoke), moisture, etc…
 Interconnected smart sensors collect data, sends this data to the monitoring stations, and initiates warning messages
during bad air quality detection.

17
2. Wearable Devices

18
 Wearable smart devices were introduced as smart watches around a decade ago, and many more functions have been added
since then.
 Now our smart watches and wearable are capable of reading text messages, showing notifications of other apps,
tracking location, monitoring workout status, reminding schedules, and continuously monitoring health conditions.
 Are life saver during an accident and medical emergencies.
 Parents can track their child’s location; caretakers will get a notification if the patient’s vitals are low or blood sugar levels
are changing.
 Using wearable technology, doctors and medical professionals can continuously monitor their patient’s body conditions in
real time.
 Future smart devices like smart watches can connect with other smart IoT devices in the smart home and other applications.
 Pairing with Smartphone applications will enable these smart wearable to initiate more tasks and get notified promptly.

19
Future of Wearable Technology
 Future wearable technology will be capable of detecting diseases early and triggering treatment during early stages.
 Sensitive nano-sensors can detect components in our body fluids (sweat, tears, and saliva) and notify certain physical
conditions that could trigger more severe diseases in the future.
 Surgical implanted nano-sensors will indicate possible medical conditions (like cancer) that could develop in our body
before it become severe. Finding a medical condition in the early stages has more effectiveness in treatment.
 For example: if we can find out the chances of developing diabetes before it affects our body, we can change our diet
and seek medical advice to avoid or delay the disease as much as possible.
 Future healthcare procedures will include more wearable devices for convenient, accurate detection of diseases and
monitoring of many medical conditions.

20
 3. Healthcare

 The healthcare industry has been utilizing the possibilities of the Internet of Things for life-saving applications.
 Starting from collecting vital data from bedside devices, real-time diagnosing process, and accessing medical records and
patient information across multiple departments, the entire patient care system can be improved with IoT implementation.
 IoT will offer convenience for medical practitioners, improve accuracy in the information (helps to reduce error in the
data), increase overall efficiency, and saves time for each procedure.
 Doctors can monitor patients’ status remotely and suggest necessary procedures when required.
 Data loss and mistakes will be reduced to a lower level with IoT devices. Most modern medical devices can be connected
to the network, and data can be accessed securely (In the future, all devices will be able to connect to the network).
 Round-the-clock patient monitoring is possible with smart IoT devices. Immediate changes in a patient’s vitals will
automatically notify responsible medical practitioners in real-time.
 Doctors can prescribe medicine after assessing patients remotely with the help of smart IoT devices. In many cases,
hospital visits may not be required.
 Example: Many hospitals are offering telemedicine facilities. Patients can follow up on treatment via video conferencing.
21
Besides the healthcare systems’ efficiency and cost-effectiveness, IoT also offers better patient satisfaction.
4. Autonomous Driving
 Autonomous driving has been evolving with artificial intelligence and smart sensor technology in the Internet of Things.
 An earlier generation of autonomous vehicles (partial automation) will assist drivers in driving safely, avoiding
collisions, and warning about road and vehicle conditions.
 Examples: cruise control assistance, parking assistance, line changing assistance and efficient fuel /energy management,
etc. As we collect huge amounts of data from thousands of vehicles (using millions of sensors and camera units), AI can
predict certain scenarios on the road and help to implement them in the future generation of vehicles for better safety and
efficiency.
 Self-driving cars and connected car concepts will offer a much safer road experience in the future with the use of the
Internet of Things and artificial intelligence (AI). One of the significant components of IoT in automobiles is smart
sensors, which continually collect information about the vehicle, road condition, other vehicles, objects on the road, and
road conditions.
 The system consists of camera units, proximity sensors, RADARs, and RF antenna arrays to collect information and help
the vehicle to make decisions based on sudden changes on the road. Vehicles and smart objects can share information
with each other using RF technology. 22
 Example scenarios: ice fall on the road, vehicle breakdown/accident on one line, heavy traffic in a particular direction on
the highway, etc…
 Accurate information is significant in making a split-second decision while driving. There would be a bigger impact if the
data is not accurate or delayed, and it could even lead to fatal accidents.
 5G technology offers a faster data rate with a low latency network, which is crucial for autonomous driving technology.
 Sophisticated algorithms are being developed to learn different scenarios from various conditions on the road. With this
powerful software with continuously learning AI, manufacturers can enhance the safety of self-driving (full automation)
vehicles in the future.

23
5. Agriculture and Smart farming

24
 There are a lot of challenges in the agriculture and farming industry to produce more crops and vegetables to feed the
increasing human population. The Internet of Things can assist farmers and researchers in this area in finding more
optimized and cost-effective ways to increase production.
 In developed countries, the young generation is not attracted to conventional farming and agriculture. A lack of support staff
could lead to productivity; authorities have to find alternative ways to overcome this issue.
 The Internet of Things is one of the promising solutions to make the entire agriculture and farming industry more efficient
with fewer workers. Smart sensor technology will help improve each stage of agriculture, and automation helps to reduce
manual labor.
 Smart irrigation
 Smart irrigation is a method of efficient use of water for agriculture using the Internet of Things. Smart sensors are deployed
into the soil, constantly monitoring and sending information about soil conditions to the control station.
 Once the soil starts to dry or reaches a threshold value defined by the farmer, the control system initiates the water flow, and
it will be stopped after a set time. Implementing automated irrigation systems into agriculture can reduce waste or water and
manual labor.

25
Smart Greenhouse using sensors
 Greenhouse farming is one of the successful agricultural methods to artificially control the environment for increased
production of vegetables and fruits. Inside the greenhouse, the essential parameters like CO2 level, temperature, and
moisture level are monitored round the clock, and automatic precipitation, light, and moisture control will be activated
using an IoT system.
 This smart monitoring system control is much more efficient and cost-effective than the same task workers perform. The
data collected using various sensors deployed in the greenhouse will be sent to the cloud, it helps to access the data for
further analysis easily.
 Predication farming is a method of applying useful information collected over duration of time for improved quantity
and quality of agricultural products. Experts will analyze when would be the best time/season for farming, what should
be the best parameters for maximum productivity, suitable fertilizers, and how to plan a particular product ready for
harvest, etc…
 Smart Farming
 The Internet of Things offers many solutions for the convenient tracking of animals with the use of smart RFID tags.
Farmers can easily record data of each animal with the implementation of IoT and smart tags. 26
6. Industrial IoT for manufacturing

27
 The manufacturing industry is one of the early adopters of the Internet of Things which entirely changed several
stages of a product development cycle.
 Industrial IoT will help optimize various stages of product manufacturing, such as:
 Monitoring of supply chain and inventory management
 Optimization in product development
 Automate mass production processes
 Quality testing and product improvement
 Improves packaging and management
 Process optimization using data collected from a huge number of sensor networks
 Cost-effective solution for the overall management of factories

28
7. Disaster management

29
The Internet of Things, with a wide range of smart sensors, allows engineers to build a more effective emergency response
system for factories, schools, hospitals, airports, and any other public gathering places. Any emergency situations like a fire
outbreak or flooding will be automatically detected using sensors, and this information is shared with responsible work
groups in real time.
A disaster management team can respond effectively within seconds to start recovery operations. With a better preparation
plan, a disaster management team can work safely and assist each individual in evacuating safely during an emergency
situation.
During an emergency, the fire department, emergency response volunteers, police force, ambulance units, and nearby
hospitals will receive an alert about the scenario. An automated warning system improves preparedness and allows
authorities to plan and handle any situation immediately.
Some of the common sensors: are smoke detectors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, CO2 monitoring sensors, and
precipitation detectors.
Sensor deployed in many locations (where a higher possibility of wildfire could happen) is continuously monitoring CO2
emission levels, fire, and smoke. These smart sensors are connected to a network where any changes in the data will be
immediately identified, and alert warnings will be sent during a wildfire.
30
 8. Logistic and fleet management

Smart logistics is complex since the goods must be handled with greater care and efficiency. Apart from moving from one
location to another, service providers have to ensure the perfect condition is maintained during transportation.

Smart sensors capable of connecting to IoT networks continuously monitor the GPS location, temperature, humidity, shock,
and tilt angle of the container used for transpiration. Data collected from these sensors are processed and analyzed in a
central cloud system.

The logistics team can access this information from anywhere using an internet connection. The movement of the fleet can
be monitored in real-time and updated to customers about the progress of delivery.
31
Any delay during transportation will be notified to the responsible members of the team.
9. Smart Grids and energy management

32
The smart grid concept is an enhancement of existing power grids with sensors deployed on the transmission lines and
individual customer outlets. These sensors help to notify of any failure or abnormality in the line and understand the
nature of usage and behavior patterns over time.
These data can be used to find areas of improvement, lossy nodes during transmission, and peak time usage statistics
using smart meters and sensors. Energy companies can use this information to improve existing grids and implement new
changes during upgrades and thus reduce carbon emissions.
In case one of the transmission lines is down, smart sensors will automatically trigger to switch to another grid to provide
uninterrupted supply. Manual action from a worker could take a longer response time, and this could cause long power
outages and losses.
Customers also will benefit from the implementation of IoT for energy management. With optimized use and energy
saving, overall efficiency and energy wastage can be significantly reduced.
Example: Smart meters can notify customers about peak time usage costs and non-peak time costs. Based on this data,
customers can schedule some tasks during non-peak time to save energy costs

33