Computer Aided Manufacturing

CAM
Production Engineering Department

Lecture 1 - Introduction
Production Systems
Production system is the collection of people, Equipment, and procedures
organized to accomplish the manufacturing operations of a company.
Production Systems
Production systems can be divided into two levels:

1. Facilities
The facilities of the production system consists of
• the factory
• the equipment in the factory, and
• the way the equipment is organized.

2. Manufacturing support systems

Set of procedures used by the company to:
• manage production
• solve the technical and logistics problems encountered in

• ordering material
• moving work through the factory
• ensuring that products meet quality standards.
Production Systems

In modern manufacturing operations, portions of the production

system are automated and/or computerized.
I- Production System Facilities
Facilities in the production system are:

• The factory
• Production machines and tooling
• Material handling equipment
• Computer systems that control the manufacturing operations

Facilities also include the plant layout, which is the way the
equipment is physically arranged in the factory.

The equipment is usually organized into logical groupings, and

we refer to these equipment arrangements and the workers
who operate them as the manufacturing systems in the factory
Various Types of Plant Layouts

1- Fixed – position layout

Workers and processing equipment are brought to the product,
rather than moving the product to the equipment
Various Types of Plant Layouts

2- Process layout
In which the equipment is arranged according to function or type.
The lathes are in one department, milling machines are in
another department and so on.
Various Types of Plant Layouts
3- Cellular layout
Each cell is designed to produce a limited variety of part
configurations; that is the cell specializes in the production of a
given set of similar parts or products, according to the principles of
Group Technology.
Various Types of Plant Layouts
4- Product layout
Multiple workstations arranged in sequence, and the parts or
assemblies are moved through the sequence to complete the
product.

The collection of stations is designed specifically for the product to

maximize efficiency.
Production quantity and product variety

Production quantity: refers to the number of units of a given part

or product produced annually by the plant.

Production quantity can be classified into three ranges

1- Low Production (Job Shop)

Quantities in the range of 1 to 100 units per year

2- Medium Production (Batch Production)

Quantities in the range of 100 to 10000 units per year

3- High Production (Mass Production)

Quantities are 10000 to millions of units per year

Product Variety: refers to the different product designs or types

that are produced in a plant. (Different products have different shapes
and sizes and styles)
Relationship between product variety and production quantity in
discrete product manufacturing

When product variety is high, production quantity tends to be low; and vice versa.
Types of facilities and layouts used for different levels
of production quantities and product variety
II- Manufacturing Support Systems

To operate the production facilities efficiently, a company must organize itself to

• Design the processes and equipment

• Plan and control the production orders; and
• Satisfy product quality requirements

This accomplished by manufacturing support systems (people and procedures)

Most of manufacturing support systems do not directly

contact the product, but they plan and control its
progress through the factory.
II- Manufacturing Support Systems
Manufacturing support involves a cycle of information-processing activities
II- Manufacturing Support Systems

1- Business Functions

Included in business functions are

• Sales and marketing

• Sales forecasting
• Order entry
• Cost accounting
• Customer billing
II- Manufacturing Support Systems

2- Product Design

Included are

• Research and development

• Design engineering
• Drafting and modeling
II- Manufacturing Support Systems

3- Manufacturing Planning

The information-processing activities included in

manufacturing planning are:

• Process planning
• Scheduling
• Material requirement planning
II- Manufacturing Support Systems

4- Manufacturing Control

Information included in manufacturing control function are

• Shop control
• Inventory control
• Quality control
 Automation in Production Systems

Automation can be defined as a technology concerned with the

application of mechanical, electronic and computer-based systems
to operate and control production

The automated elements of the production system can be separated into two categories:
• Automation of the manufacturing systems in the factory
• Computerization of the manufacturing support systems
Automated Manufacturing Systems
Examples of automated manufacturing system included:

• Automated machine tools that process parts

• Transfer lines that perform a series of machining operations
• Automated assembly systems
• Industrial robots to perform processing or assembly
• Automatic material handling and storage systems
• Automatic inspection systems for quality control

Automated manufacturing systems can be classified into three basic types:

• Fixed automation
• Programmable automation
• Flexible automation
Automated Manufacturing Systems

1- Fixed Automation

Fixed automation is a system in which the sequence of processing (or

assembly) operations is fixed by the equipment configuration. Each of
the operations in the sequence is usually simple.

Examples:
• machining transfer lines
• automated assembly machines
Automated Manufacturing Systems

2- Programmable Automation

In programmable automation, the production equipment is designed with

the capability to change the sequence of operations to accommodate
different product configurations. The operation sequence is controlled
by a program

Examples:
• Numerically controlled machines (NC)
• Industrial robots
Automated Manufacturing Systems

3- Flexible Automation

Flexible automation is an extension of programmable automation.

A flexible automated system is capable of producing a variety
of parts with virtually no time lost for changeovers from one
part style to the next.

Example
• Flexible manufacturing systems
Three types of automation relative to production quantity
and product variety
Computerized manufacturing support systems

Automation of the manufacturing support systems is aimed at

reducing the amount of manual effort in;

• product design
• manufacturing planning
• manufacturing control; and
• business functions

All modern manufacturing support systems are implemented

using computer systems

Computer technology is used to implement automation of the

manufacturing systems in the factory as well
Computerized manufacturing support systems

Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is the use of computer

systems to design the products, plan the production, control the
operations, and perform the various business-related functions needed in
a manufacturing firm

True CIM involves integrating all of these functions in one system that
operates throughout the enterprise
Reasons for Automating

• To increase labor productivity

• To reduce labor cost
• To reduce or eliminate routine manual tasks
• To improve worker safety
• To improve product quality
• To reduce manufacturing lead time
• To accomplish processes that can not be done manually
• To avoid the high cost of not automating
Automation Migration Strategy
Manufacturing Systems
A manufacturing system is a collection of integrated equipment and human
resources, whose function is to perform one or more processing and/or
assembly operations on a starting raw material, part, or set of parts.

The integrated equipment includes production machines and tools, material handling
and work positioning devices, and computer systems
Components of a Manufacturing System

A manufacturing system consists of several components usually include:

• Production machines plus tools, fixtures and other related

hardware
• Material handling system
• Computer systems to coordinate and/or control the above
components
• Human workers
Production Machines

Manually operated machines are directed or supervised

by a human worker.
Example : conventional machine tools

Semi-automated machines perform a portion of the

work style under some form of program control and a
human worker tends to the machine for the remainder
of the cycle.
Example: CNC machines

Fully automated machines operate for extended periods

of time with ni human attention
Example: Injection molding plants
Material Handling System

1- Loading, positioning and unloading

These material handling functions occur at each workstation

Loading involves moving work units into the production

machine or processing equipment from a source inside the
station

Positioning provides for the part to be in a known location and

orientation relative to workhead or tooling that performs the
operation

Unloading Removes the work unit from the production

machine and either placed in a container at the workstation of
prepared for transport to the next workstation in the
processing sequence
Material Handling System
2- Work Transport between Stations

• Work transport means moving parts between workstations in a multi-

station system.

• The transport function can be accomplished manually or by the most

appropriate transport equipment

Variable Routing, work units are Fixed Routing, the work units
transported through a variety of always flow through the
different station sequences. same sequence of stations
Computer Control System

A computer is required to control the automated and semi-

automated equipment and to participate in the overall
coordination and management of the manufacturing systems

Typical computer system functions include:

• Communicate instructions to workers

• Download part programs to CNC machines
• Control material handling systems
• Schedule production
• Quality control
• Operations management (directly by supervisory computer or
indirectly by preparing the necessary reports for management personnel)
Human Resources

Direct labor
The directly add to the value of the work unit by performing
manual work on it or by controlling the machines that perform the
work

Indirect labor
The manage or support the system as computer programmers,
computer operators, part programmers for CNC, maintenance and
repair personnel
Classification of Manufacturing Systems

Factors that define and distinguish the different types of manufacturing

systems are:

1. Types of operations performed

2. Number of workstations and system layout
3. Level of automation
4. Part or product variety
Classification of Manufacturing Systems
Classification of Manufacturing Systems
Classification of Manufacturing Systems

M=The manning level of a workstation is defined as the portion of time a

worker is in attendance at the station
Classification of Manufacturing Systems
Classification of Manufacturing Systems
Classification of Manufacturing Systems
Classification of Manufacturing Systems
Classification of Manufacturing Systems
Classification of Manufacturing Systems
Defining CIM

• Technology, tool or method used to improve entirely the design

and manufacturing process and increase productivity

• Using computers to help people and machines to communicate

• Architecture for integration of multiple technologies through

computers, linking each individual island of automation to a
closed loop business system

• integration of computer aided design, automatic material

handling, robotics, process technologies, manufacturing
planning & control, computer aided quality control, computer
aided manufacturing

• focuses on the computer as the center of control of the entire

factory, starting from the computerization of the fabrication and
assembly processes to the information flow for production
control, quality, maintenance, material handling, and inventory
control in a totally integrated system
Computer Integrated Manufacturing Activities
 Computer Integrated Manufacturing Activities
CAD (Computer Aided Design)
The activity comprises computer support design, drafting, and engineering
calculations

CAPP (Computer Aided Process Planning)

This activity is concerned with the computer aided generation of a
technological plan to make the product. The process plan describes the
manufacturing processes and sequences to make a part.

CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing)

This activity defines the functions of a computer to control the activities on
the manufacturing floor, including direct control of production equipment

CAQC (Computer Aided Quality Control)

This activity combines all ongoing quality control work of a manufacturing system.

PP&C (Production, Planning and Control)

This function is the organizational activity of CIM. It is concerned with manufacturing
resources planning, materials requirement planning, and scheduling
CIM Model
CIM Model
CIM Model