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Lesson 4 Motion in 2 and 3D

* Initial velocity (Vi) = 10 m/s * Angle (θ) = 30° * Vertical initial velocity (Viy) = Vi sinθ = 10 sin30° = 5 m/s * Horizontal initial velocity (Vix) = Vi cosθ = 10 cos30° = 8.66 m/s Therefore, the horizontal initial motion is 8.66 m/s and the vertical initial motion is 5 m/s.

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Phea Blairre Jingco
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76 views

Lesson 4 Motion in 2 and 3D

* Initial velocity (Vi) = 10 m/s * Angle (θ) = 30° * Vertical initial velocity (Viy) = Vi sinθ = 10 sin30° = 5 m/s * Horizontal initial velocity (Vix) = Vi cosθ = 10 cos30° = 8.66 m/s Therefore, the horizontal initial motion is 8.66 m/s and the vertical initial motion is 5 m/s.

Uploaded by

Phea Blairre Jingco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General Physics I

Motion in two
and three
dimensions
1
.
position vector
The position vector of a particle is a
vector drawn from the origin of a
coordinate system to the location of the
particle. For a particle in the x, y plane at
the point with coordinates (x, y), the
position vector is
1
.
position vector
⃗ ( ) ^ ^ ^
𝒓 = 𝒙 , 𝒚 , 𝒛 =𝒙 𝒊+ 𝒚 𝒋+ 𝒛 𝒌
1
.
The resultant vector
1
.
The magnitude of and the angle it makes with the
x axis are obtained from its components using the
relationships
1
. At times, we need to consider situations involving motion in
three component directions. The extension of our methods to
three-dimensional vectors is straight-forward. If both have x, y,
and z components, they can be expressed in the form
Sample problem: The sum of two
vectors
Find the sum of two displacement vectors
lying in the xy plane and given by

^ ^
𝑨=( 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒊+ 𝟐 .𝟎 𝒋 ) m
⃗
^ ^
𝑩=( 𝟐 . 𝟎 𝒊− 𝟒 . 𝟎 𝒋 ) m
⃗
Sample problem: The resultant
displacement
A particle undergoes three consecutive displacements:

Find unit-vector notation for the resultant displacement and


its magnitude.
Sample problem:
A hiker begins a trip by first walking 25.0 km, 45°
southeast from her car. She stops and sets up her
tent for the night. On the second day, she walks
40.0 km in a direction 60.0° north of east, at
which point she discovers a forest ranger’s tower.
(A) Determine the components of the hiker’s
displacement for each day. (B) Determine the
components of the hiker’s resultant displacement
for the trip. Find an expression for in terms of
unit vectors.
2.

Displacement Vector
At time t1, the particle is at P1, with
position vector ; by time t2, the
particle has moved to P2, with
position vector. The particle’s change
in position is the displacement
vector :
4.

Using unit vectors, we can rewrite this displacement


as:

Using unit vectors, we can rewrite this displacement


as:
Motion in two dimensions can be modeled
as two independent motions in each of the
two perpendicular directions associated
with the x and y axes. That is, any
influence in the y direction does not affect
the motion in the x direction and vice
5.

VELOCITY
Recall that average velocity is defined as displacement divided by
VECTORS
the elapsed time. The result of the displacement vector divided by
the elapsed time interval t=t2 – t1 is the average-velocity vector:
5.

VELOCITY
If we consider smaller and smaller time intervals, the magnitude of
VECTORS
the displacement approaches the distance along the curve, and the
angle between and the tangent to the curve at the beginning of the
interval approaches zero. We define the instantaneous-velocity
vector as the
limit of the average-velocity vector as t approaches zero:
5.

Instantaneous-VELOCITY
VECTORS
5.

Acceleration
Because the acceleration of the particle is assumed constant in this

VECTORS
discussion, its components ax and ay also are constants. Therefore, we can
model the particle as a particle under constant acceleration independently
in each of the two directions and apply the equations of kinematics
separately to the x and y components of the velocity vector.
Sample Problem
A particle moves in the xy plane, starting from the origin at t=0
with an initial velocity having an x component of 20 m/s and a y
component of -15 m/s. The particle experiences an acceleration in
the x direction, given by ax=4.0 m/s . (A) Determine the total
2

velocity vector at any time. (B) Calculate the velocity and speed
of the particle at t=5.0 s and the angle the velocity vector makes
with the x axis.
5.

Projectile
Projectile motion of an object is simple to analyze if we
motion
make two assumptions: (1) the free-fall acceleration is
constant over the range of motion and is directed
downward, and (2) the effect of air resistance is
negligible
5.

Projectile
With these assumptions,
motion
we find that the path
of a projectile, which we
call its trajectory, is
always a parabola as
shown in Figure.
Types of projectiles
Factors that affect the 1 Gravity

projectile motion . Air Resistance


2
.
3. Angle

Speed
4
.
Height
5
5. Components of Projectile Motion
1. Horizontal motion
- the motion of the object that travels along x-axis
direction, wherein the motion is constant in the
whole travel. No horizontal force acting on the
object that makes it travel in a constant velocity.
5. Components of Projectile Motion
1. Horizontal motion
a. Horizontal Distance: x = Vxt
b. Horizontal Velocity: Vx = Vix
Where:
Vx – velocity along x-axis
Vix – initial velocity along x-axis
g – acceleration due to gravity
t – time taken
5. Components of Projectile Motion
2. Vertical motion
the motion of the object that travels along y-axis
direction, wherein the motion changes in the whole
travel. The only force acting on the object is the
gravitational force and it changes by 9.8 m/s in each
2

seconds of fall. The velocity is zero at the highest point


of the projectile.
5. Components of Projectile Motion
2. Vertical motion
a. Vertical Distance: y = Viyt – ½ gt 2

b. Vertical Velocity: Vy = Viy – gt


Where:
Vy – velocity along y-axis
Viy – initial velocity along y-axis
g – acceleration due to gravity
t – time taken
5.

How to find the velocity of horizontal and


vertical motion a Projectile Motion
Vertical Motion Initial Velocity:
Vix = Vi cosθ
Horizontal Motion Initial Velocity:
Viy = Vi sinθ
Note: Finding the final velocity is same as finding the initial velocity.
Sample Problem
A girl throws a ball with an initial velocity of
10m/s at an angle of 30˚ into the air. What is the
horizontal and vertical initial motion of the
ball?

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