UNIT 1

ELECTRIC
ENERGY
SYSTEMS
Fundamental of Electrical Engineering [ 21 ELE14 ]
Introduction:

• An electric power system is a network of electrical

components deployed to supply, transfer, and use electric
power.
• Electric Energy Systems you will obtain an overall
understanding of the unified energy system and extensive
knowledge of the electric system and its elements.
• The electrical grid can be broadly divided into
the generators that supply the power, the transmission
system that carries the power from the generating centres to the
load centres, and the distribution system that feeds the power to
nearby homes and industries.
Classification of
Energy Resources
Classification of Energy Resources

• Energy is one of the major parts of the economic infrastructure, being the basic
input needed to sustain economic growth. There exists a strong relationship
between economic development and energy consumption.
• The more developed is a country, the higher is the per capita of energy consumption
and vice-versa. Human civilization relies on different sources of energy.
• The two major sources of energy can be classified under:
• Conventional Energy Resources
• Non-Conventional Energy Resources
Classification of
Energy
Resources
Basic Structure and its Principle of
Different Power Plant
 • A generating station which utilises the potential energy of water at a high level
for the generation of electrical energy is known as a hydro-electric power
station.
• Hydro-electric power stations are generally located in hilly areas where dams

Hydro can be built conveniently and large water reservoirs can be obtained.
• In a hydro-electric power station, water head is created by constructing a dam

Power
across a river or lake. From the dam, water is led to a water turbine.
• The water turbine captures the energy in the falling water and changes the
hydraulic energy (i.e., product of head and flow of water) into mechanical

Plant
energy at the turbine shaft.
• The turbine drives the alternator which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. Hydro-electric power stations are becoming very popular
because the reserves of fuels (i.e., coal and oil) are depleting day by day. They
have the added importance for flood control, storage of water for irrigation and
water for drinking purposes.
Schematic Arrangement of Hydro-electric Power Station
 Although a hydro-electric power station simply involves the conversion
of hydraulic energy into electrical energy, yet it embraces many
arrangements for proper working and efficiency.

Schematic The schematic arrangement of a modern hydro-electric plant is shown in

Arrangement Figure .

of Hydro- The dam is constructed across a river or lake and water from the

electric Power catchment area collects at the back of the dam to form a reservoir.

Station A pressure tunnel is taken off from the reservoir and water brought to
the valve house at the start of the penstock.

The valve house contains main sluice valves and automatic isolating
valves
 The former controls the water flow to the power house and the latter cuts off supply of
water when the penstock bursts.

From the valve house, water is taken to water turbine through a huge steel pipe known
Schematic as penstock.

Arrangement
of Hydro- The water turbine converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.

electric Power
Station The turbine drives the alternator which converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy.

A surge tank (open from top) is built just before the valve house and protects the
penstock from bursting in case the turbine gates close, there is a sudden stopping of
water at the lower end of the penstock and consequently the penstock can
 Advantages

It requires very small running

It requires no fuel as water is It is comparatively simple in
It is quite neat and clean as no charges because water is the
used for the generation of construction and requires less
smoke or ash is produced. source of energy which
electrical energy. maintenance.
available free of cost.

Although such plants require

It does not require a long Such plants serve many
the attention of highly skilled
starting time like a steam purposes. In addition to the
It is robust and has a longer persons at the time of
power station. In fact, such generation of electrical energy,
life. construction, yet for operation,
plants can be put into service they also help in irrigation and
a few experienced persons may
instantly. controlling floods.
do the job well.
Disadvantages

It involves high capital cost due to construction of dam.

There is uncertainty about the availability of huge amount of water due to

dependence on weather conditions.

Skilled and experienced hands are required to build the plant.

It requires high cost of transmission lines as the plant is located in hilly areas
which are quite away from the consumers.
 A generating station which converts heat energy of coal
combustion into electrical energy is known as a steam power
Thermal station.

Power A steam power station basically works on the Rankine cycle.

Steam is produced in the boiler by utilising the heat of coal
combustion.
Plant The steam is then expanded in the prime mover (i.e., steam
(Steam turbine) and is condensed in a condenser to be fed into the boiler
again.
Power The steam turbine drives the alternator which converts
Station) mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy.

This type of power station is suitable where coal and water are
available in abundance and a large amount of electric power is to
be generated.
Schematic
Arrangement of
Steam Power
Station
Schematic Arrangement of Steam Power Station

• Steam power station simply involves the conversion of heat of

coal combustion into electrical energy, yet it embraces many
arrangements for proper working and efficiency. The schematic
arrangement of a modern steam power station is shown in
Figure . The whole arrangement can be divided into the
following stages for the sake of simplicity:
• Coal and ash handling arrangement
• Steam generating plant
• Steam turbine
• Alternator
• Feed water
• Cooling arrangement
 • Advantages
• The fuel (i.e., coal) used is quite cheap.

Steam • Less initial cost as compared to other generating stations.

• It can be installed at any place irrespective of the existence
of coal.

power • The coal can be transported to the site of the plant by rail or
road.

plant
• It requires less space as compared to the hydroelectric power
station.
• The cost of generation is lesser than that of the diesel power
station.
• Disadvantages
• It pollutes the atmosphere due to the production of large
amount of smoke and fumes.
• It is costlier in running cost as compared to hydroelectric
plant.
Solar Needless to say that the Sun is the biggest source of renewable
energy for the Earth.

Power The fact is that even though the earth receives only a part of the
energy generated by the Sun (i.e. Solar energy), that part of solar
energy is also tremendously huge.

Plant The Earth receives solar energy in the form of light and heat. But
in today's world, the words 'power' and 'energy' are leaned more
towards 'electricity.

Electrical energy can be harvested from solar power by means of

either photovoltaics or concentrated solar power systems.
 Photovoltaics directly convert solar energy into electricity.

They work on the principle of the photovoltaic effect.

Photovoltaics When certain materials are exposed to light, they absorb photons and release free
(PV) electrons. This phenomenon is called as the photoelectric effect.

Photovoltaic effect is a method of producing direct current electricity based on the

principle of the photoelectric effect.

Based on the principle of photovoltaic effect, solar cells or photovoltaic cells are
made. They convert sunlight into direct current (DC) electricity.

But, a single photovoltaic cell does not produce enough amount of electricity.
 Therefore, a number of photovoltaic cells are mounted on a supporting frame and are
electrically connected to each other to form a photovoltaic module or solar panel.

Photovoltaics Commonly available solar panels range from several hundred watts (say 100 watts) up
to few kilowatts (ever heard of a 5kW solar panel?).

(PV) They are available in different sizes and different price ranges. Solar panels or modules
are designed to supply electric power at a certain voltage (say 12 V), but the current
they produce is directly dependent on the incident light.

As of now it is clear that photovoltaic modules produce DC electricity.

But, for most of the times we require AC power and, hence, solar power
system consists of an inverter too.
 PV direct systems: These systems supply the load only
when the Sun is shining. There is no storage of power
generated and, hence, batteries are absent. An inverter may
or may not be used depending on the type of load.

Photovoltaic Off-grid systems: This type of system is commonly used at

locations where power from the grid is not available or not
Solar Power reliable. An off-grid solar power system is not connected to
System any electric grid. It consists solar panel arrays, storage
batteries and inverter circuits.

Grid connected systems: These solar power systems are

tied with grids so that the excess required power can be
accessed from the grid. They may or may not be backed by
batteries.
Solar
Power
Plant
 Solar Power Plant

The energy storage

It requires a lot of land Initial cost of options are not
to be captured forever. installation is too high. efficient and moreover
costly if efficient.

Power production is
quite low as compared
There is a problem if it Their production
to nuclear or other
is cloudy for few days. causes pollution.
resources to produce
power.
Solar Energy

Advantages Disadvantages
• Most clean and renewable source of energy. • It requires a lot of land to be captured forever.
• It is available in abundance and endless. • Initial cost of installation is too high.
• The energy storage options are not efficient
• It provides electricity at low cost, as fuel is
free.
and moreover costly if efficient.
• Power production is quite low as compared to
• Keeping in mind the pollution and cost of
nuclear or other resources to produce power.
fossil fuel, it’s becoming the most reliable
• There is a problem if it is cloudy for few
source of clean energy.
days.
• Their production causes pollution.
 Solar Power Plant

Grid connected
Application of Solar Solar panels on
Solar water pumps Solar vehicle photovoltaic power
cell systems: spacecraft
systems

Telecommunications
Cathodic protection Remote lighting
Electric fences and remote Rural electrification
systems systems
monitoring systems

Water treatment
systems
 Sun is the main source of wind, and hence, wind is
considered as a form of solar energy. Winds are
Wind caused by the

Power 1. uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun

Plant
2. the irregularities of the earth’s surface

3. rotation of the earth

 •Wind power has been utilized for several centuries.
•The invention of sail boats is the first and most important
example of driving them by using wind energy. The earliest
known wind-powered grain mills and water pumps were used by
the Persians, the Indians and the Chinese.

Wind •Wind turbine convert the kinetic energy of the wind into the
mechanical power.

Power •Mechanical power can be used for specific tasks such as

grinding grain or pumping water or imparting motion to an
electric generator that converts mechanical power into

Plant electricity.
•In developing countries, wind power can play a useful role for
water supply and irrigation (wind pumps) and electrical
generation (wind generators).
•The shaft of wind mill is connected to the shaft of the armature
of the generator. When the fast moving wind rotates the blades
of windmill its shaft rotates, armature rotates and hence,
electricity is produced which is further used for various
purposes.
Wind Power Plant
Wind Energy

Advantages Disadvantages
• Wind energy is far more ecofriendly than the burning of • Wind energy requires expensive storage during peak
fossil fuels for electricity. production time.

• Wind energy don't produce atmospheric emissions that • It is unreliable energy source as winds are uncertain and
unpredictable.
cause acid rain, smog, or greenhouse gases.
• Requires large open areas for setting up wind farms.
• Wind Energy is an inexhaustible source of energy and is
• Noise pollution problem is usually associated with wind mills.
virtually a limitless resource.
• Wind energy can be harnessed only in those areas where wind
• Energy is generated without polluting environment.
is strong enough and weather is windy for most parts of the
• This source of energy has tremendous potential to year.
generate energy on large scale. • Usually places, where wind power set-up is situated, are away
• Like solar energy and hydropower, wind power taps a from the places where demand of power
natural physical resource.
Typical Structure
of Electric Supply
Systems
Typical Structure of Electric Supply
Systems
• The conveyance of electric power from a power station to consumers premises is known as
electric supply system.
• An electric supply system consists of three principal components viz., the power station, the
transmission lines and the distribution system.
• Electric power is produced at the power stations which are located at favorable places, generally
quite away from the consumers.
• It is then transmitted over large distances to load centres with the help of conductors known as
transmission lines.
• Finally, it is distributed to a large number of small and big consumers through a distribution
network.
Typical Structure of Electric Supply
Systems
• The electric supply system can be broadly classified into d.c. or a.c. system
• overhead or underground system.
• Now-a- days, 3-phase, 3-wire a.c. system is universally adopted for generation and
transmission of electric power as an economical proposition.
• However, distribution of electric power is done by 3-phase, 4-wire a.c. system. The
underground system is more expensive than the overhead system.
• Therefore, in our country, overhead system is mostly adopted for transmission and
distribution of electric power.
Typical AC Power System Scheme
Typical AC Power System
Scheme
 The large network of conductors between the power station
and the consumers can be broadly divided into two parts viz.,
transmission system and distribution system.

Each part can be further sub-divided into two—primary

transmission and secondary transmission and primary
distribution and secondary distribution. Figure . shows
Typical AC
the layout of a typical a.c. power supply scheme by a single
Power Supply line diagram. It may be noted that it is not necessary that all
power schemes include all the stages shown in the figure.
Scheme For example, in a certain power scheme, there may be no
secondary transmission and in another case, the scheme may
be so small that there is only distribution and no transmission.
Typical AC Power Supply Scheme:
Generating station: In Figure 7 G.S. represents the generating station where
electric power is produced by 3-phase alternators operating in parallel.

The usual generation voltage is 11 kV. For economy in the transmission of

electric power, the generation voltage (i.e., 11 kV) is stepped up to 132 kV (or
more) at the generating station with the help of 3-phase transformers.

The transmission of electric power at high voltages has several advantages

including the saving of conductor material and high transmission efficiency.

It may appear advisable to use the highest possible voltage for transmission of
electric power to save conductor material and have other advantages.

But there is a limit to which this voltage can be increased.

 Generating station: Therefore, the choice of proper transmission voltage
is essentially a question of economics. Generally, the primary
transmission is carried at 66 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV or 400 kV.

Primary transmission: The electric power at 132 kV is transmitted by 3-

phase, 3-wire overhead system to the out- skirts of the city. This forms
the primary transmission.

Typical AC Secondary transmission: The primary transmission line terminates at

the receiving station (RS) which usually lies at the outskirts of the city.
Power Supply
Scheme At the receiving station, the voltage is reduced to 33kV by step-down
transformers.

From this station, electric power is transmitted at 33kV by 3-phase, 3-

wire over- head system to various sub-stations (SS) located at the
strategic points in the city. This forms the secondary transmission.
 Primary distribution: The secondary transmission line terminates at the sub-station
(SS) where voltage is reduced from 33 kV to 11kV, 3-phase, 3-wire.

The 11 kV lines run along the important road sides of the city. This forms the primary

Typical AC distribution. It may be noted that big consumers (having demand more than 50 kW) are
generally supplied power at 11 kV for further handling with their own sub-stations.

Power Secondary distribution: The electric power from primary distribution line (11 kV) is
delivered to distribution sub-stations (DS).

Supply
Scheme These sub-stations are located near the consumers’ localities and step down the voltage
to 400 V, 3-phase, 4-wire for secondary distribution.

The voltage between any two phases is 400 V and between any phase and neutral is
230 V. The single-phase residential lighting load is connected between any one phase
and neutral, whereas 3-phase, 400 V motor load is connected across 3-phase lines
directly.
 All-electric vehicles (EVs), also referred to as battery
electric vehicles, have an electric motor instead of an
internal combustion engine.

Electric
The vehicle uses a large traction battery pack to power
Vehicle the electric motor and must be plugged in to a wall
outlet or charging equipment, also called electric
(EV) vehicle supply equipment (EVSE).

Because it runs on electricity, the vehicle emits no

exhaust from a tailpipe and does not contain the typical
liquid fuel components, such as a fuel pump, fuel line,
or fuel tank
Description of an Electric Vehicle

• The electric vehicle (EV) is propelled by an electric motor, powered by rechargeable

battery packs, rather than a gasoline engine.
• The electric car has:

1. An electric motor.
2. A controller.
3. A rechargeable battery.
Description of an Electric Vehicle

• The electric motor gets its power from a controller and the
controller gets its power from a rechargeable battery.
• The electric vehicle operates on an electric/current principle. It uses
a battery pack (batteries) to provide power for the electric motor.
• The motor then uses the power (voltage) received from the batteries
to rotate a transmission and the transmission turns the wheels
 • Four main parts make up the electric vehicle: the potentiometer,
Description of an batteries, direct current (DC) controller, and motor.
Electric Vehicle
 Potentiometer. It is circular in shape and it
is hooked to the accelerator pedal. The
potentiometer, also called the variable
Description resistor, provides the signal that tells the
controller how much power is it supposed to
of Parts and deliver.
their
Functions Batteries. The batteries provide power for
the controller. Three types of batteries: lead-
acid, lithium ion, and nickel-metal hydride
batteries. Batteries range in voltage (power).
 DC Controller. The controller takes power from the batteries and delivers it to
the motor. The controller can deliver zero power (when the car is stopped), full
power (when the driver floors the accelerator pedal), or any power level in
between. If the battery pack contains twelve 12-volt batteries, wired in series to
Description create 144 volts, the controller takes in 144 volts direct current, and delivers it to
the motor in a controlled way.

of Parts and The controller reads the setting of the accelerator pedal from the two
potentiometers and regulates the power accordingly. If the accelerator pedal is 25
their percent of the way down, the controller pulses the power so it is on 25 percent of
the time and off 75 percent of the time. If the signals of both potentiometers are
not equal, the controller will not operate.
Functions
Motor. The motor receives power from the controller and turns a transmission.
The transmission then turns the wheels, causing the vehicle to run.
 Battery (all-electric auxiliary): In an electric drive
vehicle, the auxiliary battery provides electricity to
power vehicle accessories.
Key
Components Charge port: The charge port allows the vehicle to
of an All- connect to an external power supply in order to charge
the traction battery pack.
Electric Car
DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage
DC power from the traction battery pack to the lower-
voltage DC power needed to run vehicle accessories
and recharge the auxiliary battery.
 Electric traction motor: Using power from the
traction battery pack, this motor drives the vehicle's
wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that
Key perform both the drive and regeneration functions.

Components
of an All- Onboard charger: Takes the incoming AC electricity
supplied via the charge port and converts it to DC
Electric Car power for charging the traction battery. It also
communicates with the charging equipment and
monitors battery characteristics such as voltage,
current, temperature, and state of charge while
charging the pack.
 Power electronics controller: This unit
manages the flow of electrical energy
delivered by the traction battery, controlling
the speed of the electric traction motor and
Key the torque it produces.
Components
of an All-
Electric Car Thermal system (cooling): This system
maintains a proper operating temperature
range of the engine, electric motor, power
electronics, and other components.
 Traction battery pack: Stores
electricity for use by the electric
Key traction motor.
Components
of an All- Transmission (electric): The
Electric Car transmission transfers mechanical
power from the electric traction motor
to drive the wheels.
 Concept of Earthing Systems

All the people living or working in residential, commercial and

industrial installations, particularly the operators and personnel who
are in close operation and contact with electrical systems and
machineries, should essentially be protected against possible
electrification. To achieve this protection, earthing system of an
installation is defined, designed and installed according to the
standard requirements..
What Is Earthing
The process of connecting metallic bodies of all the electrical
apparatus and equipment to huge mass of earth by a wire having
negligible resistance is called Earthing.
 Purpose of Earthing

• To save human life from danger of electrical shock or death by blowing a fuse
i.e. To provide an alternative path for the fault current to flow so that it will not
endanger the user
• To protect buildings, machinery & appliances under fault conditions ie. To
ensure that all exposed conductive parts do not reach a dangerous potential.
• To provide safe path to dissipate lightning and short circuit currents.
• To provide stable platform for operation of sensitive electronic equipments i.e.
To maintain the voltage at any part of an electrical system at a known value so
as to prevent over current or excessive voltage on the appliances or equipment .
• To provide protection against static electricity from friction
 Electric shock
• When a high voltage such as 13,800V is
involved the body is literally cooked and at
times explodes
Methods of Earthing
Plate Earthing

Pipe Earthing

Rod Earthing

Strip Earthing

Earthing through
Water Mains
 Earthing Electrode
The resistance of a ground
electrode has 3 basic
components:
A) The resistance of the ground
electrode itself and the connections
to the electrode.
B) The contact resistance of the
surrounding earth to the electrode.
C) The resistance of the surrounding
body of earth around the ground
Electrode. It consist of three basic components:
1. Earth Wire
2. Connector
3. Electrode
(1)Plate Earthing

• In this type of earthing plate either of copper or of G.I. is buried into the
ground at a depth of not less than 3 meter from the ground level.
• The earth plate is embedded in alternative layer of coke and salts for a
minimum thickness of about 15cm.
• The earth wire(copper wire for copper plate earthing and G.I. wire for
G.I. plate earthing) is securely bolted to an earth plate with the help of
bolt nut and washer made of copper, in case of copper plate earthing and
of G.I. in case of G.I. plate earthing.
PLATE EARTHING
(2)Pipe earthing

• Pipe earthing is best form of earthing and it is cheap also in this system of earthing a GI
pipe of 38 mm dia and 2meters length is embedded vertically in ground to work as earth
electrod but the depth depend upon the soil conditions, there is no hard and fast rule for
this.
• But the wire is embedded upto the wet soil.
• The earth wire are fastened to the top section of the pipe with nut and bolts.
• The pit area arround the GI pipe filled with salt and coal mixture for improving the soil
conditions and efficiency of the earthing system.
• It can take heavy leakage current for the same electrode size in comparison to plate
earthing.
• The earth wire connection with GI pipes being above the ground level can be checked for
carrying out continuity test as and when desired, while in plate earthing it is difficult.
• In summmer season to have an effective earthing three or four bucket of water is put
through the funnel for better continuity of earthing.
PIPE EARTHING
 (3)ROD EARTHING

• In this system of earthing 12.5mm diameter solid rods of copper 16mm

diameter solid rod of GI or steel or hollow section of 25mm GI pipe of
length not less than 3 meters are driven vertically into the earth
• In order to increase the embeded length of electrod under the ground, which
is some time necessary to reduce the earth resistance to desired value more
than one rod section are hammered one above the other.
• This system of earthing is suitable for area which are sandy in character .
• This system of earthing is very cheap
 (4)STRIP OR WIRE EARTHING

• In this system of earthing strip electrod of cross section not less than 25mm into
1.6mm of copper or 25mm * 4mm of GI or steel are burried in horizontal trenches
of minimum depth of 0.5m
• If round conductor are used their cross sectional area shall not be smaller than
three if copper is used and 6mm2 if GI or steel is used.
• The length of burried conductor shall be sufficient to give the required earth
resistance (about 0.5Ωto 1.5Ω)
• It shall however be not less than 15 m
• The electrod shall be as widely distributed as possible in a single straight or
circular trenches radiating from a point
• This type of earthing is used in rockey soil earth bed because at such places
excavation work for plate earthing is difficult
THANK YOU