Unit II

Decision Control Statements

Data Types,

Decision Control Statements: Decision control statements,

Selection/conditional branching Statements: if, if-else, nested if, if-elif-else statements.

Basic loop Structures/Iterative statements: while loop, for loop, selecting appropriate
loop. Nested loops, The break, continue, pass, else statement used with loops.

Strings and Operations- concatenation, appending, multiplication and slicing. Strings

are immutable, Strings formatting operator, built in string methods and functions.
Data Types

Numeric - This data type includes integers (e.g. 11,121 etc.), float (e.g. 23.222,343.2234 etc.) &
complex (e.g. 2+2i, 5+2323j etc.).

(i) integer

int

var1=526 #var1 is the variable, whereas, 526 is the value stored.

var2 = 1231564 #var2 is the variable, whereas, 1231564 is the value stored

sum=var1+var2

print(“The sum is: ”,sum)

Output:

The sum is: 1232090

Float

decimal values

Program 2.3:

var1=22.36 #var1 is the variable, whereas, 22.36 is the value stored.

var2=11.23 #var2 is the variable, whereas, 11.23 is the value stored.

sum=var1+var2

print(“The sum is: ”,sum)

Output:

The sum is: 33.59

Complex

A complex number is represented by “ x + yi “. Python converts the real numbers x

and y into complex using the function complex(x,y). The real part can be accessed
using the function real() and imaginary part can be represented by imag().

var1 = 1 + 2j #var1 is the variable, whereas, 1+2j is the value stored.

var2 = 2 + 4j #var2 is the variable, whereas, 2+4j is the value stored.

print(“Addition =”, var1 + var2)

Output:

Addition = (3+6j)
String
store the string literals (e.g. “Hello” “etc” or ‘Hi’, ‘Bye’ etc.)

Python provides String data type

var3=”Hello” #var3 is the variable, whereas, Hello is the value stored.

print(var3)

Output:

Hello
var1=1231564

var2=11.23

var3=”Hello”

print(type(var1))

print(type(var2))

print(type(var3))

Output:

<class ‘int’>

<class 'float'>

<class 'str'>
bool (Boolean)
if the user wants to evaluate logical operations & store the result in a variable for further
using it in the program execution?

If number a is greater than b or not i.e. a>b, it evaluates it to either True or False.

var4=15.1>29.8

print (“Result is “, var4)

print(type(var4))

Output:

Result is False

<class 'bool'>
Keywords in python
Why should we use Python language for writing this program, let us say, addition of 2
numbers as compared to machine and assembly language?

If you use machine language to write this program, you have to write
instructions in machine language which is difficult and error prone.

If you use assembly language to write this code, you would have to write
instructions in assembly language using mnemonics

Few lines of code

The biggest advantage of Python language is

Platform independent
Features of the Python
Structural & Object Oriented: Python supports sequential, selection & iterative control flow. It is
possible to create objects in Python. Hence, it is object oriented as well.

Platform independent

Simple: Python is a simple and easy to learn language because of its clear syntax and readability.

Secure: Python is secure because the reverse engineering of the .pyc files (byte code) is a lot harder.

Architectural- neutral: Python compiler generates an architecture-neutral byte code file which makes

the compiled code to be executable on many processors with the present Python runtime system.

Robust: Programmer has to write few lines of code as compared to other languages
Multi-threaded: With Python's multi-threaded feature it is possible to write
programs that can do many tasks simultaneously.

Interpreted: Python is an Interpreted Language because Python code is executed

line by line at a time.
Points to Remember
Multiline comment can be given by using ‘‘‘<text>’’’ triple inverted commas.

To make the program add.py more user friendly, you can change the print instruction as

below.

print (“The sum is”, sum)

Whatever characters we write inside the quotes of the first parameter of the print function

gets printed as output. e.g: print (“Enthusiasm is a key to success.”) displays

Enthusiasm is a key to success

 ● There is no separate data type for short and long numbers in Python. Short & long also belong to
integer data type itself.
● Variable names correspond to locations in the computer's memory. In memory, every variable has

assigned a particular address. Every variable has a name, a type, a size and a value. We can declare a

variable in Python as shown below.

<variable_name> = <value>
● Whenever a new value is placed into a variable, it replaces (and destroys) the previous value.

a=10

a=20 #Variable a contains 20 and not 10.

Python identifier
A Python identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module or
other object.

An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_) followed by

zero or more letters, underscores and digits (0 to 9).

Python does not allow special characters such as @, $, and % within identifiers.

Python is a case sensitive programming language. Thus, Manpower and

manpower are two different identifiers in Python.
Installation
Python is freely available & respective version can be downloaded based on your
operating system.

Windows: https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.9.0/python-3.9.0-amd64.exe

Linux: https://www.python.org/downloads/source/

Mac OSX: https://www.python.org/downloads/mac-osx/

SEQUENTIAL AND SELECTION CONTROL FLOW
When instructions in a program are executed one after another i.e. in a
sequential manner, it is known as a sequential control flow.

print("Please enter your Physics marks:")

PhysicsMarks = int(input())

print("Please enter your Chemistry marks:")

ChemistryMarks = int(input())

print("Please enter yourMathematics marks:")

MathsMarks = int(input())

PCM_Average = (PhysicsMarks+ChemistryMarks+MathsMarks)/3

print ("Average of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics marks is: ",

PCM_Average)
What is a control flow? What are the different control flows used in a program?

Control flow is a flow of the execution of the instructions in a program.

OR

It is the order in which the instructions in a program are executed.

1) Sequential: Statements in a program are executed one after another i.e. in a sequential manner.

2) Selection: Statements in a program are executed based on certain condition(s) defined

in a program. e.g. if; if-else.

3) Iteration: Statements in a program are executed repeatedly. e.g. while, for

4) Jump: Different set of instructions in the program are executed as per the jump defined

in a program. e.g. break, return, continue.

Selection Control Flow
if-else statement

The general form of if-else statement

if (expression):
Statement1 #Statement associated with if part
else:
Statement2 #Statement associated with else part
If expression is true, statement1 is executed. Otherwise, statement2 is executed.
PhysicsMarks = int(input("Please enter your Physics marks: "))

MathematicsMarks = int(input("Please enter your Mathematics marks: "))

if PhysicsMarks>MathematicsMarks :

print ("Physics marks are greater than Mathematics marks")

else:

print ("Mathematics marks are greater than Physics marks")

if statement

The general form of if statement is as below.

if (expression):

statement
PhysicsMarks = int(input("Please enter your Physics marks: "))

MathsMarks = int(input("Please enter your Mathematics marks: "))

if PhysicsMarks==MathsMarks:

print ("Physics marks are exactly equal to Mathematics marks")

Remember = is an assignment operator, while, == is an equality operator.

PhysicsMarks = int(input("Please enter your Physics marks: "))

MathsMarks = int(input("Please enter your Mathematics marks: "))

if PhysicsMarks==MathsMarks:

print ("Physics marks are exactly equal to Mathematics marks")

if PhysicsMarks>MathsMarks:

print ("Physics marks are greater than Mathematics marks")

else:

print ("Mathematics marks are greater than Physics marks")

marks of Physics and Mathematics are 98

Physics marks are exactly equal to Mathematics marks.

Mathematics marks are greater than Physics marks.

if - elif - else

when one condition is true from given set of conditions.

if(expression1):

Statement1

elif(expression2):

Statement2

else:

Statements
PhysicsMarks = int(input("Please enter your Physics marks: "))

MathsMarks = int(input("Please enter your Mathematics marks: "))

if PhysicsMarks==MathsMarks:

print ("Physics marks are exactly equal to Mathematics marks")

elif PhysicsMarks>MathsMarks:

print ("Physics marks are greater than Mathematics marks")

else:

print ("Mathematics marks are greater than Physics marks")

Basic loop Structures/Iterative statements
Let’s write a program that displays five consecutive numbers (series of numbers) starting from 12 and the difference between two
consecutive numbers should be 5. It should not include the starting number 12. i.e. Program should print output as
17,22,27,32,37.

num = 12

diff = 5

num = num+diff # Repetitive instruction

print ("Number = “, num) # Repetitive instruction

num = num+diff

print ("Number = “, num)

num = num+diff

print ("Number = “, num)

num = num+diff

print ("Number = “, num)

num = num+diff

print ("Number = “, num)

Loop is a programming construct by which a computer can execute set of
instruction(s) repetitively for a specified number of times.

We should know following information to write a loop.

➢ Repetitive set of instruction(s)

➢ Number of times the loop is executed

➢ Initial values of the variables used in the repetitive set of instruction(s)

`
while loop:
while loop executes a set of instruction(s) repetitively until the conditional expression is true.

while <expression>

statement(s)

count=0

while count<5:

count+=1

print (count)
exercise
var = 1 var = 1

while var == 1 : while var == 1 :

num = int(input("Enter a number :")) num = int(input("Enter a number :"))

print ("You entered: ", num) print ("You entered: ", num)

print ("Good bye!") print ("Good bye!")

for loop
General form of a for loop:

for value in sequence:

Repetitive instruction(s)
where
sequence: a list or a string.
value: it is a variable that stores the value of current item from the sequence.
num = 12
diff = 5
for i in [0,1,2,3,4]:
num = num+diff # Repetitive instruction
print ("Number = “, num) # Repetitive instruction
exercise
Practice Example 1: Calculate the sum of the numbers starting from 0 to 12.

Practice Example 2: Write a program that calculates a factorial of a given number.

we need to display 1000 consecutive numbers starting from 12 and with a

difference of 5. We need to specify list as below.

sequence / list: [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7……………...,999]

It is not practical to write a list of such 1000 numbers. Is there anyway by which
we can generate such list

automatically? Yes, Python provides in-built function range(start, stop, step) which
does it.
range(start, stop, step) where,

Start: [Optional][Default=0] An integer number specifying at which position to start.

Stop: [Required] An integer number specifying at which position to end (excluding

the integer specified).

Step : [Optional][Default=1] An integer number specifying difference between two

consecutive number

in sequence.
The complete program can be written as below by using for loop construct (for
loop):

num = 12

diff = 5

for i in range (5):

num = num+diff

print ("Number = “, num)

break (Jump control flow)
break is a jump control flow.

When the break statement gets executed inside the loop, it immediately stops the
execution of the instruction(s) inside that loop and the next statement after the
loop gets executed.
Let’s understand this concept by a simple program that calculates the number of the digits present in each
number.

1. Receive an input number from the keyboard.

2. Assume the input number received is 8745. Divide the number by 10 and again divide the result of

division by 10 unless the division is less than 1.

i. Let’s divide 8745 by 10 which results in 874.

ii. Let’s divide 874 by 10 which results in 87.

iii. Let’s divide 87 by 10 which results in 8.

iv. Let’s divide 8 by 10 which results in 0.8, which is less than 1.

v. No. of digits in the number = No. of times the division operation carried as above
num=int(input())

count=1

while 1:

if(num/10>1):

count+=1

num/=10

else:

break

print(“No. of digits”, count)

continue
continue is a jump control flow.

When the continue statement gets executed inside the loop, the program control
gets immediately transferred to the conditional expression in case of while loop
and next value in the list gets assigned to a loop counter in case of a for loop.

If the conditional expression is true, the loop continues in a usual manner in case
of while loop, whereas, the loop continues until value is present in the sequence.
Let’s write a program that calculates the sum of numbers
starting from 0 till 20 and the number should not be
divisible by 2 or 3.
In this program, we need to modify repetitive statement
in such a manner that when any number that is
completely divisible by 2 or 3, it should not be added.
rem1= 0
rem2= 0
sum= 0
for i in range (0,21):
rem1=i%2
rem2=i%3
if (rem1==0 or rem2==0):
continue
sum+=i
print("The sum of all numbers starting from 0 to 20 and not divisible by 2 or 3 is ",sum)
Nested loops
Every loop has a repetitive statement. When any loop statement contains one or
more loops inside it, it is called as a nested loop.
Nested loops
Every loop has a repetitive statement. When any loop statement contains one or
more loops inside it, it is called as a nested loop.
Nested loops
Every loop has a repetitive statement. When any loop statement contains one or
more loops inside it, it is called as a nested loop.

ch = "*"
for i in range (1,11):
for j in range (0,i):
print(ch, end="")
print()
example
Practice Example 4: Write a program that generates following pattern using for loops. e.g. If the
input value is 5, it should generate a pattern as below.
1
12
123
1234
12345
1234
123
12
1
String
print("print String")

print("Hello")

Output: Hello

a = "Hello"

print(a)

Output: Hello
print("Multiline String")

a = """Savitribai Phule Pune University,

Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology,

Pune"""

print(a)
print("String indexing")

a = "Hello, World!"

print(a[1])

Output: e

print("String loop")

for x in "banana":

print(x)
print("String length")

a = "Hello, World!"

print(len(a))

Output: 13

—---------

print("String presence")

txt = "The best things in life are free!"

print("free" in txt)

Output: true
print("String presence")

txt = "The best things in life are free!"

if "free" in txt:

print("Yes, 'free' is present.")

output:Yes, 'free' is present.

—---

print("String not present")

txt = "The best things in life are free!"

if "expensive" not in txt:

print("No, 'expensive' is NOT present.")

print("String slicing")

b = "Hello, World!"

print(b[2:5])

Output:llo

—--

print("String slicing starting from start ")

b = "Hello, World!"

print(b[:5])

Output: Hello

—--

print("slicing to the end")

b = "Hello, World!"

print(b[2:])

Output: llo,World!
print("Negative Indexing")

b = "Hello, World!"

print(b[-5:-2])

Output: orl
print("Upper case")

a = "Hello, World!"

print(a.upper())

print()

print("Lower case")

a = "Hello, World!"

print(a.lower())
print("Remove Whitespace")

a = " Hello, World! "

print(a.strip()) # returns "Hello, World!"

—---------

print("Replace String")

a = "Hello, World!"

print(a.replace("H", "J"))

—----
print("Split String")

a = "Hello, World!"

print(a.split(",")) # returns ['Hello', ' World!']

print("String concatenation")
a = "Hello"
b = "World"
c=a+b
print(c)
—-------
print("To add a space between them, add a " "")
a = "Hello"
b = "World"
c=a+""+b
print(c)
print("we can combine strings and numbers by using the format() method!")

age = 36

txt = "My name is John, and I am {}"

print(txt.format(age))

—------

quantity = 3

itemno = 567

price = 49.95

myorder = "I want {} pieces of item {} for {} dollars."

print(myorder.format(quantity, itemno, price))

—--------

quantity = 3

itemno = 567

price = 49.95

myorder = "I want to pay {2} dollars for {0} pieces of item {1}."
print("The escape character allows you to use double quotes when you normally
would not be allowed")

txt = "We are the so-called \"Vikings\" from the north."

print(txt)
String
String Methods

capitalize() Converts the first character to upper case

casefold() Converts string into lower case
count() Returns the number of times a specified value occurs
in a string
endswith() Returns true if the string ends with the specified
value
find() Searches the string for a specified value and returns
the position of where it was found
format() Formats specified values in a string
index() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the
position of where it was found
isalnum() Returns True if all characters in the string are alphanumeric
isalpha() Returns True if all characters in the string are in the alphabet
isdecimal() Returns True if all characters in the string are decimals
startswith() Returns true if the string starts with the specified value