Module 4- Transformers

Walchand College Of Engineering,sangli.

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 Contents
• Magnetic circuits
• Construction, working principle and
types of single-phase transformer,
• Open circuit and short circuit tests:
Losses, efficiency, all-day efficiency and
regulation.
• Autotransformer.

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 Transformer
A staticdevice
Transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another with change in voltage level without a
change of frequency
Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction.
The two electric circuits are in mutual inductive
influence of each other.
Step up and Step Down Transformer

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 Transformer
Static Electro-magnetization
Voltage levels (230V, 400 V, 3.3 kV,
11kV, 132 kV ….)
Generation, Transmission and
Distribution
Changing current and voltage levels
Highly efficient device
Heart of Power System
KVA Ratings
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Transformer

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 Types of Transformer
A) Based on voltage level:
1) Step up transformer: Voltage increases (with subsequent
decrease in current) at secondary.
2) Step down transformer: Voltage decreases (with subsequent
increase in current) at secondary.
B) Based on type of supply:
1) Single phase transformer 2) Three phase transformer
C) Based on construction:
1) Core type 2) Shell type
D) Based on winding:
1) Single winding (Auto) transformer 2)Two winding transformer
3) Three winding transformer

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E) Based on cooling method used:
1) Natural air cooled transformer
2) Oil cooled transformer
3) Forced air cooled transformer
4) Water cooled transformer

F) Based on their use:

1) Power transformer: Used in transmission network, high rating
2) Distribution transformer: Used in distribution network,
comparatively lower rating than that of power transformers.
3) Instrument transformer: Used in relay and protection purpose in
different instruments in industries
a) Current transformer (CT)
b) Potential transformer (PT)

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Construction of transformer

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Construction of transformer
A silicon steel core and two windings
placed on it.
The winding are insulated both from core
and each other.
The core is built up with thin soft iron
silicon steel laminations to provide path of
low reluctance to the magnetic flux.
Copper or aluminum is used as winding
material for Primary and Secondary
Winding
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 Principle of Operation
Works on Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic
induction principle
 Alternating current flowing through primary –-
Alternating EMF - Alternating flux in core.
Self induced EMF: E1
Alternating flux links to the secondary winding
Alternating EMF is induced in secondary
winding by principle of mutual induction.
Mutual induced EMF: E2
The energy transferred to load by secondary is
taken from primary via flux set in the core.
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When current in the primary coil changes being
alternating in nature, a changing magnetic field is
produced.
This changing magnetic field gets associated
with the secondary through the soft iron core.
Magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil
changes.
 It induces EMF in the secondary.
If the secondary winding is closed circuit, then
mutually induced current flows through it, and
hence the electrical energy is transferred from one
circuit (primary) to another circuit (secondary).

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 Types based on construction
Core type transformer
Shell type transformer

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 Core Type Transformer
 Single magnetic circuit
 Core will be rectangular in shape and the coils used
are cylindrical.
 Windings are uniformly distributed on two limbs of
the core
 Winding encircles the core
 The cylindrical coils have different layers and each
layer is insulated from each other. Materials like
paper, cloth or mica can be used for insulation.
 Low voltage coil is placed inside near the core while
high voltage coil surrounds the low voltage coil.
 Core with large number of thin laminations.
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 Shell Type Transformer
Double magnetic circuit
Core has three limbs and windings are placed on
the central limb.
Multilayer disc type or sandwich coils
Core having large number of thin laminations.
Better mechanical protection for winding

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Shell Transformer

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Comparison

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Symbol of Transformer

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EMF Equation of transformer

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 EMF Equation of transformer
Φ = Flux
Φm = Maximum value of flux = Bm * A
N1 = Number of primary winding turns
N2 = Number of secondary winding turns
f = Frequency of the supply voltage (Hz)
E1 = R.M.S. value of the primary induced EMF in
volts
E2 = R.M.S. value of the secondary induced EMF
in
volts
A = Cross-sectional area of core in m2 20
 As shown in figure above, the core flux increases from
its zero value to maximum value Øm in one quarter of
the cycle , that is in T/4 second. Therefore,
average rate of change of flux = Øm/ (T/4) = 4f Øm Wb/s
 Now, rate of change of flux per turn means induced emf
in volts. Therefore,
average emf induced/turn = 4f Øm Volt

 Ifflux Ø varies sinusoidally, then r.m.s value of induced

e.m.f is obtained by multiplying the average value with
form factor.
 Form Factor = r.m.s. value/average value = 1.11

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 Therefore,

r.m.s value of e.m.f/turn = 1.11 X 4f Ømax = 4.44f Ømax

 Now, r.m.s value of induced e.m.f in the whole of primary

winding
= (induced e.m.f./turn) X Number of primary turns

 Therefore,

E­1 = 4.44 f N1Øm = 4.44 f N1BmA

 Similarly, r.m.s value of induced e.m.f in secondary is

E­2 = 4.44 f N2 Øm = 4.44 f N2BmA

 Inan ideal transformer on no load,

V1 = E1 and V2 = E2 , where V2 is the terminal voltage
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 Voltage Transformation Ratio (K)
 From the above equations we get
E2/ E1 = V2/ V1 = N2 / N1 = K

(1) If N2>N1, that is K>1 , then transformer is

called step-up transformer.
(2) If N2<N1, that is K<1 , then transformer is
known as step-down transformer.

 Again for an ideal transformer,

V1I1= V2I2 (Constant power)

I1/I2 = V2/V1 = K 23
Losses in Transformer

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Copper Losses
Power wasted in the form of I2R loss
Resistances of the primary and secondary
windings
Copper losses are called variable losses as
it changes(current changes) as load
changes.

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Core or Iron Losses
Losses are proportional to flux density &
supply frequency
Independent of load current
Constant losses
Types of iron loss:
1. Hysteresis Losses (Materials used for
core )
2. Eddy current Losses (Laminated soft iron
core)
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 Rating of Transformer
Power losses appear in the form of heat
Output rating is the product of output voltage
and output current.
Copper loss in the transformer depends on the
current through the winding.
Iron or core loss depends on the voltage
(f=const.)
Losses don’t depend on the power factor of
the load.
So transformer rating is in KVA
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 Efficiency of a Transformer
 Power input = Power output + Total losses
= Power output + Pi + PCu
 The efficiency of any device is defined as the ratio of
the power output to power input.

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 All day efficiency of a transformer
Distribution transformer serves residential and
commercial loads which fluctuate throughout the
day. For example, the distribution transformers
are energized for 24 hours, but they deliver very
light loads for the major portion of the day, and
they do not supply rated or full load.
There are various losses in the transformer such
as iron and copper loss. The iron or core loss
occurs for the whole day in the distribution
transformer. The second type of loss known as
copper loss occurs only when the transformers
are in the loaded condition.
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Hence, the performance of such transformers
cannot be judged by the commercial or
ordinary efficiency, but the efficiency is
calculated or judged by All Day Efficiency
also known as operational efficiency or
energy efficiency which is computed by
energy consumed during 24 hours.
The maximum efficiency in such transformers
occurs at about 60-70 % of the full load.

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 Voltage Regulation of Transformer
 The voltage regulation is the percentage of voltage difference
between no load and full load voltages of a transformer with
respect to its full load voltage.

 Suppose, electrical power transformer is open circuited,

means load is not connected with secondary terminals. In this
situation, the secondary terminal voltage of the transformer
will be its secondary induced emf E2. Whenever full load is
connected to the secondary terminals of the transformer, rated
current I2 flows through the secondary circuit and voltage
drop comes into picture. At this situation, primary winding
will also draw equivalent full load current from source.

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 The voltage drop in the secondary is I2Z2 where Z2 is the
secondary impedance of transformer.
 Now at this loading condition, voltage V2 will be present
across load terminals which is obviously less than no
load secondary voltage E2 and this is because of I2Z2
voltage drop in the transformer.

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 Open Circuit(O.C.) Test:

Experimental setup:

Note : Usually H.V winding is Kept open

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Primary winding is connected to a.c supply through
dimmer. Voltmeter, Ammeter & wattmeter are
connected to primary side to measure primary
voltage, current & power (Vo, Io, Wo).
One voltmeter is connected at secondary side to
measure no load voltage at secondary side (V2 = E2).
 Procedure:

1. Connect circuit as per the circuit as shown.

2. Keep dimmer at its minimum position.
3. Switch on a.c supply & adjust dimmer to get rated
primary voltage (230 V) as measured by voltmeter
across primary winding.
4. Measure primary current & power (Io & Wo)
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Two components of Ioc (no load current) are
as ;
Im = Io sinØo
Iw = IocosØo

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Since no load power is given as
Wo = Vo IoCos Øo
Hence no load p.f is given as
Cos Øo = Wo / Vo Io
Iocis very small compared to full load current
(about 3 % to 5% of full load) so primary copper
losses are negligible and as I2 = 0 therefore
secondary losses = zero.Therefore total coper
losses are very small hence assumed to be zero.
Hence reading Wo represents the Iron loss.

Wo = Pi = Iron Loss
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S.C. Test:

Note : Usually L.V winding is short circuited

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Primary winding is connected to a.c supply through
dimmer. Voltmeter , Ammeter & wattmeter are connected
to primary side to measure primary voltage, current &
power (Vsc, Isc, Wsc). One Ammeter is connected at
secondary side to measure short circuit current.
Procedure:

1. Connect circuit as per the circuit as shown.

2. Keep dimmer at its minimum position.
3. Switch on a.c supply & adjust dimmer to get rated
current Isc as measured by ammeter connected in primary
winding it will be obtained at a low voltage about 10% of
its rated value.
(do not increase the primary voltage further)
4. Note down Wsc , Vsc, Isc
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At full load, Iron loss is very small. Hence they
are neglected. Total loss is equal total copper loss
at full load. Therefore wattmeter Wsc gives almost
entirely the full load copper losses.
Wsc = full load copper loss = Pcu

Calculations-

Wsc = Vsc Isc Cos Øsc

Hence full load p.f is given as
Cos Øsc = Wsc / Vsc Isc

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 Autotransformer
Auto transformer is kind of electrical
transformer where primary and secondary
shares same common single winding. So
basically it’s a one winding transformer.

In Auto Transformer, one single winding is

used as primary winding as well as secondary
winding. But in two windings transformer two
different windings are used for primary and
secondary purpose.

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The winding AB of total turns N1 is considered as
primary winding. This winding is tapped from
point ′C′ and the portion BC is considered as
secondary. Let's assume the number of turns in
between points ′B′ and ′C′ is N2.

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If V1 voltage is applied across the winding i.e. in
between ′A′ and ′C′.

Hence, the voltage across the portion BC of the

winding, will be,

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As BC portion of the winding is considered as
secondary, it can easily be understood that
value of constant ′K′ is nothing but turns ratio
or voltage ratio of that auto transformer.
When load is connected between secondary
terminals i.e. between ′B′ and ′C′, load current
I2 starts flowing. The current in the secondary
winding or common winding is the difference
of I2 and I1.

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Advantages of using Auto Transformers
For transformation ratio = 2, the size of the auto
transformer would be approximately 50% of the
corresponding size of two winding transformer.
Thus auto transformer is smaller in size and
cheaper.
An auto transformer has higher efficiency than two
winding transformer. This is because of less copper
loss and core loss due to reduction of transformer
material.
Auto transformer has better voltage regulation as
voltage drop in resistance and reactance of the
single winding is less.
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Disadvantages of Using Auto Transformer
The main disadvantage of an autotransformer is that it
does not have the primary to secondary winding
isolation of a conventional double wound transformer.
Then an autotransformer can not safely be used for
stepping down higher voltages to much lower voltages
suitable for smaller loads.
If the secondary side winding becomes open-circuited,
load current stops flowing through the primary winding
stopping the transformer action resulting in the full
primary voltage being applied to the secondary
terminals.
If the secondary circuit suffers a short-circuit condition,
the resulting primary current would be much larger than
an equivalent double wound transformer due to the
increased flux linkage damaging the autotransformer. 46
Applications of Auto-Transformers
Compensating voltage drops by boosting
supply voltage in distribution systems.
Auto transformers with a number of tapping are
used for starting induction and synchronous
motors.
Auto transformer is used as variac in laboratory
or where continuous variable voltage over
broad ranges are required

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