INTEGRATED RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

Lecture 1
The fundamentals of IRM

1
Lecturer :- Ghassan T. Abdulhussein
Date 10/5/2021
OUTLINE
 What is the reservoir management
 Reservoir Life Process
 Fundamentals of reservoir management
 When IRM should start
 Required data acquisition and analysis
 Integration of geoscience and engineering
 Integration exploration and development technology
Modeling and simulations
 Economic optimization
 Reservoir management process
 Case for study
 References
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 WHAT IS THE RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT?
 There are many definitions for the reservoir management based on point
of view of the managers and reservoir engineers. which most of these
definitions focus on the reservoir’s characterization, development’s
optimization, production monitoring and the economic factor. It can be
summarized as the dynamic process that use all above information to
recognize the uncertainties in reservoir performance and optimize the
hydrocarbon recovery and minimize the cost
 The main objective of the IRM is determination of the optimum
conditions needed to maximize the recovery factor of hydrocarbons from
a wisely operated field.

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RESERVOIR LIFE PROCESS

4
FUNDAMENTALS OF RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

 Identify all reservoirs in a particular field and the physical properties for every
reservoir and define wellbore and surface facilities
 Interpret the previous reservoir performance
 Predict the future reservoir performance
 Define and modify wellbore, drilling wells and surface systems
 Initiate the monitoring and control systems at the proper time
 Evaluate the feasibility for the processes and the outcomes
 Consider all pertinent economic and legal factors

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WHEN IRM SHOULD START
Because the collecting data is the first stage in the optimum reservoir
management, the ideal time to start reservoir management is at the discovery
stage. The early evaluation and monitoring increase the certainty about the
reservoir parameters. Also, from financial prospective, some tests could help
decide to choose the optimum production system. These early test provide some
type of information may can available by expensive late test such as the cased
hole complex testing.

6
REQUIRED DATA ACQUISITION AND
ANALYSIS

Almost, all the data from the exploration to the abandon are essential for the
optimum reservoir management. These data can be classified to five
categories :-
Geophysical data
Geological data
Production data
Reservoir engineering data
Financial data

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REQUIRED DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS

8
INTEGRATION OF GEOSCIENCE
AND ENGINEERING

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INTEGRATION EXPLORATION AND
DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY
The advances technology such as the hardware and software is essential to process and
interpret the massive data to produce the models and simulations. Initially, 2D or 3D
seismic and geological data use to create the static model. Also, well logs, core analysis
and geological data classified as input data to produce petrophysical model. Both models
and other required data such as rock and fluid properties, recovery mechanism, drilling
and well completion and the production performance make the reservoir simulation
model. from the mentioned models the development plan will take place and revise
several times with the actual production parameters to choose the final development plan.

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MODELING AND SIMULATIONS

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ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION
The economic optimization can be consider as a major factor which effect on the decision
making from the first stage in the reservoir development until field appendment. The balance
between the cost and the benefit take place for every action in the reservoir management as
shown below:-

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RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT PROCESS

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CASE STUDY (SOUTH ARNE, DANISH NORTH
SEA)
 Attached pdf will show the real case to apply the reservoir management in
North sea. Starting from interpretation of 3D seismic data to obtain a clearer
understanding of reservoir depletion patterns, production dynamics, faults on
fluid flow and reservoir compaction. Well calibrated simulation model was
created from the reservoir simulation model and the reservoir geomechanical
model with seismic data and inversion models. These models have a higher
probability of accurately predicting future reservoir production and allow for
efficient reservoir management and optimize field development plan

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REFERENCES:-
 Satter, Abdus, James E. Varnon, and Muu T. Hoang. "Integrated reservoir
management." Journal of Petroleum Technology 46.12 (1994): 1-057.
 https://petrowiki.org/Reservoir_management#Reservoir_models
 https://petrowiki.org/Reservoir_management
 Herwanger, J. V., et al. "Applying time-lapse seismic to reservoir management and field
development Q12 planning at South Arne, Danish North Sea." (2010).

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INTEGRATED RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

Lecture 2
Contour Map

16
Lecturer :- Ghassan T. Abdulhussein
Date 11/5/2021
OUTLINE
Definition of Contour map
Using of contour map
Contour map structure
Contour map elements
Map digitizing
Map drawing
Digitized map using in simulations software
Study case
References

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DEFINITION OF CONTOUR MAP
A contour map (topographic map) is a group of isolines comes from compress the information
of a three-dimensional area into a discrete set of closed lines that connect points of same
elevation (isolines).actually, contour map shows the information for many functions not for
elevation only such as the gravity or magnetic maps
USING OF CONTOUR MAP
Topographic map can be used for:
Describe the shape of surface.
Define formation structure and depth from sea level.
Estimation reservoir extension and bulk volume between surfaces.

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 CONTOUR MAP STRUCTURE
The standard contour map should include:-
Title
Date
Direction (North Arrow OR Compass Rose)
Value of the function (shows on the certain line)
Scale
Author: who made the map
Index: the part of the grid where specific
information can be located.
Legend: what the symbols mean.
Sources or References

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CONTOUR MAP ELEMENTS
 Contour Line:- A line on a map that connects points of equal elevation. These lines not only
show elevation but also show the shape of the land.
 Contour Interval:- This is the difference in elevation between each line. The spacing is always
equal.

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MAP DIGITIZING
The reservoir's surfaces make after the seismic data interpretation as a contour map. Generally,
most of these maps has hard copy or soft copy as picture or pdf file. To make these map useful
to use in the modern modeling it required to convert to digital form(X,Y,Z). Nowadays, many
software can use to digitize these maps such as (didger).

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 MAP DRAWING
Based on the available data and software there are two methods to draw a contour map:-
Basic method (by hand): depend on the (elevation, easting and northing) data it can draw a contour
map which may has errors more than the software method.
Advanced method by software:- some software have been designed to draw the 2D or 3D contour
maps which are more flexible to accurate than the hand drawing such as (surfer software)

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DIGITIZED MAP USING IN SIMULATIONS SOFTWARE
The data (x,y,z) from the seismic interpretation or from the didger software use in the modeling
and simulation to create the static models.

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STUDY CASE (MISHRIF RESERVOIR)

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REFERENCES:-
 Khorshid, S. Z., & Hlelai, M. A. (2016). Seismic Structural Interpretation Study of Mishrif
Formation in Nasiriyah Oil Field Southwestern Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science, 57(1A), 154-
162.
 Mahdi, T. A., & Mustafa, J. Facies Modelling of Mishrif Formation in Selected Wells of Tuba
Oil Field, Southern Iraq. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and
Science, 5(1).

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INTEGRATED RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

Lecture 3
Reservoir mapping

27
Lecturer :- Ghassan T. Abdulhussein
Date 17/5/2021
OUTLINE
Thickness maps
Thickness maps classification
Isopach vs. isochrone
Thickness variation causes
Example (Barrier Rock unit)
Identify thickness (seismic)
Identify thickness (logs)
Usage of the thickness map
Creation of the thickness map
References

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 THICKNESS MAPS
 Thickness maps represent thickness variation and
thickness trend of a given unit. Isochore and isopach
are two different types of thickness map
 Isochore maps measure the thickness from a point on
the upper surface straight down to the corresponding
point on the lower surface.
 Isopach maps display the stratigraphic thickness
between an upper and lower horizon. It is measured as
the shortest distance between the two surfaces. Isopach
maps provide a more accurate picture of stratigraphic
thickness, because it reflects the thickness of the
deposited bed.
THICKNESS MAPS
CLASSIFICATION
 An isopach is a line that
connects points of equal true
thickness (i.e. measured
perpendicular to bedding),
whereas...
 an isochore is a line that
connects points of
equal vertical thickness.

Isochrone thickness
Isopach thickness

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ISOPACH VS. ISOCHRONE
 An isopach is a line that connects points of equal true thickness (i.e. measured perpendicular
to bedding), whereas...
 an isochore is a line that connects points of equal vertical thickness.

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THICKNESS VARIATION CAUSES
There are several factors effect on the zone thickness, the main factors are:-
 the deposition variation:- throw the sediments was deposited there are vertical and horizontal
difference's due to the different deposition environments
 the tectonic movement:- which applied stresses on the layers; some of these layers has higher
stress led to decrease the thickness and increase the density

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EXAMPLE (BARRIER ROCK UNIT)
It is a non-continuous horizontal rock barrier separating the unit (MB1) and unit (MB2). It
consists of marly limestone of thickness ranging between (1.5-7) m. Its thickness increases in
SE direction such in well NS-1 and decreased in NW direction such as in well NS-5 and in other
wells.

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 IDENTIFY THICKNESS
(SEISMIC)
There are main and secondary methods to
identify the thickness of the layers, starting
with the seismic methods which can be
classified as main method. Also, examine
rock cutting through the well drilling and
the open-hole logging can increase the
knowledge about the certain depth and
thickness of the zones. For example, the
BR unit in the Mishrif formation in the
Nasiriyah field can be identify its thickness
by the difference between the depth of the
top and base layer’s depth, also can use the
logs data for the same aim.

Seismic interpretation

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IDENTIFY THICKNESS (LOGS)

Logs data interpretation

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USAGE OF THE THICKNESS
MAP
 Hydrocarbon Pore Volume is determined from the geological (area and average reservoir
thickness) and petrophysical (porosity and net to gross—NTG)

 There are several formulas used in well test analysis in determination of important parameters
including but not limited to permeability, thickness, skin, extent, pressure of the reservoir

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CREATION OF THE THICKNESS
MAP

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REFERENCES:-
 Khorshid, S. Z., & Hlelai, M. A. (2016). Seismic Structural Interpretation Study of Mishrif
Formation in Nasiriyah Oil Field Southwestern Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science, 57(1A), 154-
162.
Wheaton, Richard. Fundamentals of applied reservoir engineering: appraisal, economics and
optimization. Gulf Professional Publishing, 2016.
Hlelai, Mahmoud A., and Salman Z. Khorshid. "3-D lithofacies model of Mishrif formation in
Nasiriyah oil field Southwestern Iraq." Iraq J Sci 56.4C (2015)

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INTEGRATED RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

Lecture 4

Well correlation using logs & N/G ratio

Lecturer :- Ghassan T. Abdulhussein 39
Date 18/5/2021
OUTLINE
 Well logs
CPI
CPI main use
Shale volume
Effective porosity
Water saturation
Cut-off values
Gross section
Net pay thickness
N/G ratio
Well correlation (using CPI)
References:-
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WELL LOGS
Well logs are the results of several geophysical measurements recorded in a well bore. Also,
well logs classified to open hole and cased hole logs, the ordinary open hole logs include:-
 Sp
 GR
 Sonic
 Resistivity
 Density
 Neutron

Software such as Geolog, Techlog and IP uses to interpret the above logs raw data (las file) to
evaluate the reservoir’s rock and fluid properties such as water saturation, lithology, total and
effective porosity, predicted permeability, shale volume and movable fluid saturation.

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CPI
The logs interpretation outputs show in in a special log called CPI (computer processing
interpretation). CPI also include some input logs such as Sp, GR and Caliber with measure
(MD) and true vertical depth (TVD).

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CPI MAIN USE
CPI log use widely in the geological and reservoir studies, however, the main benefits are:-
 Record for the well (save all the essential log information)
 Make the log correlation between the wells
 Locate the OWC
 Create the zones, layers and sequences
 Evaluate the cross and net pay thickness
 Correlate the Seismic interpretation (zones top)

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 SHALE VOLUME

Shale volume involve in the effective porosity

calculation by remove shale effective which calculate
from the GR log as shown below

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 EFFECTIVE POROSITY
Porosity :- there are three porosity indicate the porosity which are:-
 Neutron porosity

 Sonic

 Density

 Total porosity for water and oil for gas

 Effective porosity
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WATER SATURATION
Water saturation in a formation can be calculated by using the correct variables inserted into
Archie’s equation

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CUT-OFF VALUES
Special studies and estimations can calculate the cut-off values to meet the net pay specifications
such as the maximum water saturation, minimum effective porosity, maximum shale volume
and minimum permeability.
For example in Nasiriyah Field (mB2 unit) the cut-off values (according to some studies) are:-
Sw=60%
Phie=16%
Vsh=30%

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GROSS SECTION
 Gross thickness: (also referred to reservoir
thickness) It is the thickness of the
stratigraphically defined interval in which the
reservoir beds occur, including such non-
productive intervals as may be interbedded
between the productive intervals. In other
words, it’s the thickness of the whole
reservoir.
 For instant, the gross section for Mishrif
reservoir in Nasiriyah field is the lower
mishrif (mB) (which the zone have the
hydrocarbon and water)

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 NET PAY THICKNESS
 Net Pay thickness value is important in the
volumetric estimation calculations of
hydrocarbon Resources because it identifies
the penetrated intervals that have sufficient
reservoir quality and hydrocarbon volume
to function as significant producing
intervals. Those intervals in which porosity
and permeability are known or supposed to
be high enough for the interval to be able to
produce oil or gas, water and gas is not
included to the net pay thickness.

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 N/G RATIO
 To decrease the uncertainty of the static model by identify the true thickness which contain oil, the N/G
ratio for well data should considered in the calculations. This aim can be achieved by choosing the
correct data and increase the accuracy by define the cut-off values. The data below show the results of a
study about the N/G for five wells in Mishrif (Nasiriyah field)

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WELL CORRELATION (USING CPI)

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REFERENCES:-
 Worthington, P. F. (2009, January 1). Net Pay: What is it? What does it do? How do we
quantify it? How do we use it? Society of Petroleum Engineers.
 AlBahadily, J. K. R., & Nasser, M. E. (2017). Petrophysical properties and reservoir modeling
of Mishrif formation at Amara oil field, Southeast Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science, 58(3A),
1262-1272.
 Mondol, N. H. (2015). Well logging: Principles, applications and uncertainties. In Petroleum
Geoscience (pp. 385-425). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
 http://www.geologyofmesopotamia.com/library/Amnah-thesis.pdf
 https://petrowiki.org/Net_pay_determination
 Abdullah, Murtadha Doghiam, Medhat E. Nasser, and Abdullah A. AL-Yasseri. "Building a
3D Petrophysical Model for Mishrif Formation in Nasiriyah Oil Field, Southern Iraq." Iraqi
Journal of Science (2019)
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INTEGRATED RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

Lecture 5
CORE ANALYSIS

53
Lecturer :- Ghassan T. Abdulhussein
Date 24/6/2021
OUTLINE
Fundamentals of Core analysis Transition zone identification
 Routine core analysis (RCAL) Wettability and injection performance
Special core analysis (SCAL) New prospective about n/g ratio
Unconventional Reservoir Evaluation References
NMR Core Analysis
Geological Testing
Core analysis data usage
Well logs data conformation and correlation
Porosity vs permeability
 Zone classifications
Relative permeability water -oil system
Relative Permeability Curves for Water-wet and
Oil -wet systems
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 FUNDAMENTALS OF CORE ANALYSIS
Cores are a fundamental source of information for exploration, evaluation, development, and
production of any hydrocarbon field. Coring and core analysis form an integral part of formation
evaluation and provide vital information unavailable from either log measurements or productivity
tests.
Core analysis can be define as the laboratory measurement of the physical and chemical properties of
samples of recovered core. These analysis requirement for several disciplines such as; geologist,
reservoir engineers, production technologist and the Petrophysicist.
The core analysis can be classified to two main sets;
1. Routine core analysis (RCAL)
2. Special core analysis (SCAL)
3. Unconventional Reservoir Evaluation
4. NMR Core Analysis
5. Geological Testing
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ROUTINE CORE ANALYSIS (RCAL)
Basic (routine) core analysis involves the measurement of the most fundamental rock properties
under near-ambient (atmospheric) conditions. Porosity (storage capacity for reservoir fluids),
permeability (reservoir flow capacity), saturation (fluid type and content),and gross lithology all
provide critical information in deciding whether a wellbore will be economic. The main routine
core analysis are:-
 Fluid Saturation

Basic core analysis begins with the extraction (cleaning) of fluids contained in the pore space of rock so it
effect on the result of the fluid saturation. However, the first monitoring can identify the type of the fluid
observe from the core.
 Porosity

By inject the core plug by a fluid and measure the volume of the injected fluid and divide the injected
volume by the total volume of the core plug
 Absolute permeability

Test the core permeability for one type of fluid

 Grain density

Crash the core plug after cleaning and drying to eliminate the pore volume and divide the grain weight by
the grain volume 56
ROUTINE CORE ANALYSIS
(RCAL)

57
SPECIAL CORE ANALYSIS (SCAL)
Special core analysis involves tests that are supplementary to the basic core analysis
program. Special core analysis includes laboratory measurements used in reservoir
engineering, petro-physical evaluation, and drilling-and completion-engineering evaluation. The
main special core analysis are:-
 Capillary Pressure
 Relative Permeability
 Wettability
 Pore Volume Compressibility
 Electrical Properties

58
SPECIAL CORE ANALYSIS
(SCAL)

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UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIR EVALUATION
Beside the previous analysis, the SCAL can include some advanced
unconventional petrophysical measurements such as:-
 Steady-state and Unsteady state  Fluid Compatibility
 Reservoir Condition Core floods  Mud Completion Fluid Damage
 Improved Oil Recovery (IOR, EOR)  Perforation Optimization
Studies  Relative Permeability Effects
 Petrophysical Correlation
 Asphaltene Precipitation
Measurements
 Computed Tomography CT Scan
 Archie Exponents - a, m, n
Evaluation
 NMR Core Analysis
 Mobile Fines (Fines Particule
 Core Geomechanics, Core Migration)
Mechanical Properties
 Formation Damage Remediation
 Rock Fluid Sensitivity 60
NMR CORE ANALYSIS
NMR geological core sample analysis and evaluation tests:
• Effective Porosity
• Free-Fluid Index
• Pore Size Geometry
• Pore Size Distribution
• Fluid Saturation
• Permeability Models
• Wetting Characteristics
• Oil Viscosity

61
 GEOLOGICAL TESTING
The most important geological technologies in rock characterization are:

 Petrography

used in the visualization, description, and systematic classification of rocks and minerals,
especially thin-section microscopy.
 Compositional Analysis

a branch of geochemistry that deals with the identification and quantification of minerals (for
the purpose of brevity, organic geochemistry and fluid analysis will not be covered).
 Sedimentology

the study of processes by which sedimentary rocks are formed, e.g., diagenetic evaluation,
interpretation of depositional environment.

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CORE ANALYSIS DATA USAGE

63
CORE ANALYSIS DATA USAGE
All the outcomes of the core analyzing support the geological, reservoir engineering, production
engineering and the reservoir management studies. Some of the main usage of the RCAL &
SCAL are:-
 Well logs data conformation and correlation
 Porosity vs permeability relationship
 Zone classifications
 Relative permeability systems
 Transition zone identification (redefine net pay and perforation intervals)
 Injected water compatibility (wettability)

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WELL LOGS DATA CONFORMATION AND
CORRELATION
There are two methods to correct the calculated permeability; firstly, define the relation between the porosity
and the permeability based on the rock type. Secondly, estimate the T2 value for the permeability which
measured by NMR log. Both method done by the core analysis process

65
WELL LOGS DATA CONFORMATION AND CORRELATION
Porosity, permeability and water saturation

66
POROSITY VS PERMEABILITY

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ZONE CLASSIFICATIONS

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RELATIVE PERMEABILITY WATER
-OIL SYSTEM
Residual oil saturation

Irreducible water saturation

TRANSITION ZONE IDENTIFICATION

70
WETTABILITY AND INJECTION PERFORMANCE
The rock wettability is the main factor effect on the success of the enhanced oil
recovery by injection water. Also its effect on the recovery factor of the reservoir
under water active drive mechanism. The water wet rock increase the produced oil
because of the low residual oil saturation and high irreducible water saturation. In
contrast with the oil wet reservoir where low recovery factor for both natural and
enhanced recovery mechanism

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NEW PROSPECTIVE ABOUT N/G RATIO

72
REFERENCES:-
 Ubani, C. E., Y. B. Adeboye, and A. B. Oriji. "Advances in coring and core analysis for
reservoir formation evaluation." Petroleum & Coal 54.1 (2012): 42-51.
Suicmez, Vural Sander, et al. Imperial College Lectures In Petroleum Engineering, The-
Volume 4: Drilling And Reservoir Appraisal. World Scientific, 2018.
Torsæter, Ole, and Manoochehr Abtahi. "Experimental reservoir engineering laboratory
workbook." Norwegian University of Science and Technology (2003).
Ubani, C. E., Y. B. Adeboye, and A. B. Oriji. "Advances in coring and core analysis for
reservoir formation evaluation." Petroleum & Coal 54.1 (2012): 42-51.
https://www.intertek.com/energy/upstream/scal-special-core-analysis/

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INTEGRATED RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

Lecture 6
OIL ORIGINALLY INPLACE (OOIP)
RESERVOIR CLASSIFICATION
74
Lecturer :- Ghassan T. Abdulhussein
Date 5/7/2020
OUTLINE
The Five Reservoir Fluids
OOIP DEFINITION
Phase Diagram of a Typical Black Oil
The volumetric calculation
Phase Diagram of a volatile Black Oil
The volumetric calculation (field unit)
Phase Diagram of a Typical retrograde
OOIP by material balance
gas
material balance equation
Phase Diagram of a Typical wet gas
Porosity and water saturation average
Phase Diagram of a Typical dry gas
Recovery factor
References
Estimating Oil Recovery Factor
Average Recovery Factors Oil Reservoirs
Oil Recovery Factors equations
Oil reservoir classification

75
 OOIP DEFINITION
Oil in place is the total hydrocarbon content of an oil reservoir and is often abbreviated
STOOIP, which stands for Stock Tank Original Oil In Place, or STOIIP for Stock Tank Oil
Initially In Place, referring to the oil in place before the commencement of production. In
this case, stock tank barrels refer to the volume of oil after production, at surface pressure
and temperature (as opposed to reservoir conditions).
The important values that must be calculated before calculating OOIP are Hnet, Swavg
and ɸavg and these values estimate from CPI.
OOIP(oil originally in place) calculation can be done by several ways:

1-OOIP by volumetric method

2-OOIP by material balance
3-OOIP by Petrel software
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THE VOLUMETRIC CALCULATION
The volumetric method was applied to compute the hydrocarbon initially in place (HIIP). It was
calculated for each unit of the reservoir by using the equation below:
OIIP (STB) = Rock Volume * 7,758 * Ø * (1- Sw) * 1/Bo

Where: Rock Volume (acre feet) = A * h

A = Drainage area, acres

h = Net pay thickness, feet

7,758 = Bbl per acre-feet (converts acre-feet to stock tank

barrels)

Ø = Porosity, fraction of rock volume available to store fluids

Sw = Volume fraction of porosity filled with interstitial water

Bo = Formation volume factor (Reservoir Bbl/STB)

1/Bo = Shrinkage (STB/reservoir Bbl)

77
THE VOLUMETRIC CALCULATION (FIELD UNIT)

78
 OOIP BY MATERIAL BALANCE
The material balance equation (MBE) has long been recognized as one
of the basic tools of reservoir engineers for interpreting and predicting
reservoir performance. The MBE, when properly applied, can be used to estimate initial hydrocarbon
volumes in place

The material balance equations are based on simple mass balance of the fluids in the reservoir, and
may be formulated as

79
OOIP BY MATERIAL BALANCE
It is written from start of production to any time (t) as follows:
oil zone oil expansion + gas zone gas expansion + oil zone and gas zone pore volume and
connate water expansion + water influx + water injected + gas injected = oil produced + gas
produced + water produced

80
 MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION

Where:
N initial oil in place, STB
Np cumulative oil produced, STB
G initial gas in place, SCF
GI cumulative gas injected into reservoir, SCF
Gp cumulative gas produced, SCF
We water influx into reservoir, bbl
WI cumulative water injected into reservoir, STB
Wp cumulative water produced, STB
Bti initial two-phase formation volume factor, bbl/STB = Boi
Boi initial oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB
Bgi initial gas formation volume factor, bbl/SCF
Bt two-phase formation volume factor, bbl/STB = Bo + (Rsoi - Rso) Bg

81
 MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
Bo oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB
Bg gas formation volume factor, bbl/SCF
Bw water formation volume factor, bbl/STB
BIg injected gas formation volume factor, bbl/SCF
BIw injected water formation volume factor, bbl/STB
Rsoi initial solution gas-oil ratio, SCF/STB
Rso solution gas-oil ratio, SCF/STB
Rp cumulative produced gas-oil ratio, SCF/STB
Cf formation compressibility, psia-1
Cw water isothermal compressibility, psia-1
Swi initial water saturation
Δpt reservoir pressure drop, psia = pi - p(t)
p(t) current reservoir pressure, psia 82
POROSITY AND WATER SATURATION AVERAGE

• In evaluation of porosity of individual wells, the weighted average porosity values are
computed.
• Porosity values are assigned as an average over a zone (single well pool) or as a weighted
average value over the entire pay interval using all wells in a pool.
• If all the intervals sampled from a well are of uniform thickness, the weighted average and the
arithmetic average are identical.
• If the intervals differ in both thickness and the values then the two averages will be different.
• Similarly, the average thickness-weighted water saturation using all wells in the pool is
commonly assumed as the pool average water saturation.

83
 POROSITY AND WATER SATURATION AVERAGE
The are two average statistical equation used to determine the average porosity and water
saturation; arithmetic average and weighted average. Below example to determine the porosity for
multi-zone property reservoir.
These values (average) use in the OOIP equations to increase the accuracy of the result due to the
consideration of the variation of the rock and fluid properties.

Depth (m) h (m) Ø (%) Ø*h

3690-3691 1 20 20
3691-3693 2 23 46
3693-3694 1 21 21
3694-3697 3 26 78
Total 7 90 165

Arithmetic average Ø = 90/4 = 22.5%

Weighted average Ø = 165/7= 23.5%
84
RECOVERY FACTOR
The recovery factor is one of the most important, yet the most difficult variable to estimate
which is shows the fraction amount of the hydrocarbon can be produce from the total
hydrocarbon in place. Fluid properties such as formation volume factor, viscosity, density, and
solution gas/oil ratio all influence the recovery factor. In addition, it is also a function of the
reservoir drive mechanism and the interaction between reservoir rock and the fluids in the
reservoir.

85
 ESTIMATING OIL RECOVERY FACTORS
As mentioned above, one of the main factors effect on the recovery factor is the drive mechanism. The
shape below shows the relation between the cumulative oil production versus the pressure. Fast
pressure decline reservoirs have lowest recovery factor due to lack of the enough drive to force the oil
to move from the porous media to the surface facilities.

86
AVERAGE RECOVERY FACTORS OIL RESERVOIRS
Oil reservoir can be classified based on drive mechanisms to:-
• Solution-gas drive
• Gas-cap drive
• Water drive
• Combination drive
• Gravity-drainage drive
The average recovery factor for the reservoirs based on the drive mechanism shows below:-

Average Oil Recovery

Drive Mechanism Factors,
% of OOIP
Range Average
Solution-gas drive 5 - 30 15
Gas-cap drive 15 - 50 30
Water drive 30 - 60 40
Gravity-drainage 16 - 85 50
drive 87
OIL RECOVERY FACTORS EQUATIONS
Many statistical equation can predict the RF based on the rock and fluid properties side by side
with the drive mechanism:-

1. Solution-gas drive - API study

  1  S   0.1611  k  0.0979
ER  41.8  wi
  
 B ob    ob 

0.1741
 pb 
S wi  0.3722
  
 pa  
88
OIL RECOVERY FACTORS EQUATIONS
2. Water drive - API study

  1  S   0.0422  k  0.0770
ER  54.9  wi
  w
 B oi    oi 

 0.2159 
 pi 
S wi 
 0.1903
  
 pa  

89
OIL RECOVERY FACTORS EQUATIONS
3. Water drive - Guthrie-Greenberger study

ER  0.272 log k  0.256 S wi  0.136 log  o

 1.538   0.0003 h  0.114

90
OIL RESERVOIR CLASSIFICATION
 Solution-gas drive

This mechanism (also known as depletion drive) depends on the associated gas of the oil. The
virgin reservoir may be entirely semi-liquid but will be expected to have gaseous hydrocarbons
in solution due to the pressure

91
OIL RESERVOIR CLASSIFICATION
 Gas cap drive

In reservoirs already having a gas cap (the virgin pressure is already below bubble point), the
gas cap expands with the depletion of the reservoir, pushing down on the liquid sections
applying extra pressure.

92
OIL RESERVOIR CLASSIFICATION
 Aquifer (water) drive

The drive energy is provided by an aquifer that interfaces with the oil in the reservoir at the oil-
water contact (OWC).

93
OIL RESERVOIR CLASSIFICATION
 Gravity drainage

The density differences between oil and gas and water result in their natural segregation in the
reservoir. This process can be used as a drive mechanism, but is relatively weak, and in practice
is only used in combination with other drive mechanisms.

94
OIL RESERVOIR CLASSIFICATION
 Combination

In practice a reservoir usually incorporates at least two main drive mechanisms.

95
THE FIVE RESERVOIR FLUIDS
Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry
Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas

96
PHASE DIAGRAM OF A
TYPICAL BLACK OIL

97
PHASE DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL VOLATILE OIL

98
PHASE DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL RETROGRADE GAS

99
PHASE DIAGRAM OF A
TYPICAL WET GAS

100
PHASE DIAGRAM OF A
TYPICAL DRY GAS

101
REFERENCES:-
 Wilhelm, Oskar. "Classification of petroleum reservoirs." AAPG Bulletin 29.11 (1945): 1537-
1580.
 Tyler, Noel. "Oil accumulation, production characteristics, and targets for additional recovery
in major oil reservoirs of Texas." Virtual Landscapes of Texas (1984).
 Walsh, M. P. "A generalized approach to reservoir material balance calculations." Journal of
Canadian Petroleum Technology 34.1 (1995): 55-63.
 https://www.slideshare.net/narendrakumard/estmation-of-oil-gas-proven-probable-posiible
 https://studfile.net/preview/5342334/page:9/

102
INTEGRATED RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

Lecture 7
Integrated Reservoir Modeling
Lecturer :- Ghassan T. Abdulhussein
Date 1/6/2021 103
OUTLINE
 reservoir model Models reliability
reservoir modeling applications Upscaling
static model Models reliability
Structural modeling The outcomes
Stratigraphic modelling Sand body model
Lithological modeling Porosity model
Petrophysical modeling Permeability model
Integrated reservoir modeling and Oil saturation model
simulation
Reservoir simulators
reservoir simulation study
conclusions
Upscaling
References

104
RESERVOIR MODEL
 A ”reservoir model” is a mathematical representation of a specific volume of rock
incorporating all “characteristics” of the reservoir under study. It can be considered as a
conceptual 3D construction of a single reservoir or in some cases of an oil/gas field.
 Building an accurate static model for a field such as Nasiriyah field was the primary objective
in the development plan. The goal was to develop a model with sufficient detail to represent
vertical and lateral heterogeneity at the well, multi-well, and field scale, which could be used
as a tool for reservoir management

105
RESERVOIR MODEL
The reservoir model is, therefore, the result of studies whose main objective is to understand and describe
the dynamic behavior of a hydrocarbon reservoir in order to predict its future performance under different
development and production strategies.

106
RESERVOIR MODELING APPLICATIONS
In the case of field development it is used for:
Estimating the HOIP
Selecting the field development strategy
Selecting the optimal number and locations for injector and producer wells
Computing the production profiles (oil, gas, and water)
Estimating the oil and gas technical reserves
Obtaining some basic data required by the economic evaluation
Identifying and quantifying the key uncertainties.

107
RESERVOIR MODELING APPLICATIONS
In the case of producing field it is used for:
 Calibrating the geological model by matching the past
 production history (fluid rates, GOR, WC, pressures, etc)
 Identifying the undrained oil/gas bearing zones
 Optimizing the production rate and the final recovery
 Keeping the right injection rate for the optimal reservoir pressure maintenance and/or for the
maximum sweep efficiency of the displacement processes
 Locating infilling wells
 Modifying the well patterns
 Selecting the best well construction and completion design vertical vs. horizontal, completions
 Updating production profiles and economics.

108
STATIC MODEL
A static reservoir model is the one incorporating all the geological features (i.e. structural,
sedimentological, petrophysical, etc.) of an underground volume of rock that can store fluids
(hydrocarbons and/or water) and can allow their movement.
A static reservoir study typically proceeds through four main stages.

109
TRAPS CLASSIFICATION

Generally, the hydrocarbons traps can be classified to two types:- structural traps and
stratigraphic traps

110
 STRUCTURAL MODELING
Traps can be formed in many ways. Those formed by tectonic
events, such as folding or faulting of rock units, are called
structural traps. The most common structural traps are
anticlines, upfolds of strata that appear as inverted V-shaped
regions on the horizontal planes of geologic maps.

Reconstruction of the geometrical and structural properties of

the reservoir, by defining a map of its structural top and the set
of faults running through it.

This stage of the work is carried out by integrating

interpretations of the geophysical surveys with the available
well data.
111
 STRATIGRAPHIC MODELLING
A stratigraphic trap causes by the variations within the rock
strata themselves (e.g., a change in the local porosity and
permeability of the reservoir rock, a change in the kinds of
rocks laid down, or a termination of the reservoir rock)

Definition of a stratigraphic scheme using well data, which

form the basis for well to well correlations. The data
consist of electrical, acoustic and radioactive wireline logs,
and of results of core analysis, integrated where possible
with information from specialist studies and production
data
112
LITHOLOGICAL MODELING
Definition of the lithological types (basic facies),
which are characterized on the basis of lithology,
sedimentology, and petrophysics. This
classification into facies is a convenient way of
representing the geological characteristics of a
reservoir, especially for the purposes of
subsequent three-dimensional modelling.

113
PETROPHYSICAL MODELING
A quantitative interpretation of well logs to
determine some of the main petrophysical
characteristics of the reservoir rock, (porosity,
water saturation, and permeability). Core data
represent the essential basis for the calibration of
interpretative processes.

114
INTEGRATED RESERVOIR MODELING AND SIMULATION

115
RESERVOIR SIMULATION STUDY
Basically, a reservoir simulation study involves five steps:

1. Setting objectives

2. Selecting the model and approach

3. Gathering, collecting and preparing the input data

4. Planning the computer runs, in terms of history matching and/or performance

prediction

5. Analyzing, interpreting and reporting the results.

116
UPSCALING
Upscaling of the geological models is key
issue in the reservoir simulation. It is basically
a process by which a very heterogenous region
of the reservoir rock described with a huge
amount of “fine grid cells” is replaced by an
equivalent less heterogeneous region made up
of a number of single coarse-grid cells

117
UPSCALING

118
MODELS RELIABILITY
In a numerical simulation study historical
production/injection data (oil, gas, and
water rates) must be supplied to the
mathematical model. Of course, good
quality production/injection data are
essential for a reliable simulation study, in
terms of direct input data and reference
data to evaluate the accuracy of the history
match phase.

119
THE OUTCOMES

120
SAND BODY MODEL

121
POROSITY MODEL

122
PERMEABILITY MODEL

123
OIL SATURATION MODEL

124
INTEGRATED RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

Lecture 8
Production Optimization

125
Lecturer :- Ghassan T. Abdulhussein
Date 7/6/2021
 OUTLINE
 Production Optimization  Predicting new well performance
Well productivity Completion
 Optimization of surface facilities necessary surface equipment
Integration production model Economic evaluation of the proposed
production modeling software strategy
production modeling software References

production modeling software example

Nodal analysis
Suggestion to increase production
Development strategies

126
PRODUCTION OPTIMIZATION

127
WELL PRODUCTIVITY
the productivity of the system is dependent on the pressure loss which occurs in several areas of
the flow system namely:
The reservoir
The wellbore
 The tubing string
 The choke
 The flow line
 The separator

128
 OPTIMIZATION OF SURFACE FACILITIES
Systems analysis may be used for many purposes in analyzing and designing producing oil and gas wells. This process is
very useful in analyzing current producing wells by identifying flow restrictions or opportunities to enhance
performance.
 Typical applications include:
• Estimation of flow rates
• Selection of tubing size
• Selection of flowline size
• Selection of wellhead pressures and surface choke sizing
• Estimation of the effects of reservoir pressure depletion
• Identification of flow restrictions
 Other typical applications are:
• Sizing subsurface safety valves
• Evaluating perforation density
• Gravel pack design
• Artificial lift design
• Optimizing injection gas-liquid ratio for gas lift
• Evaluating the effects of lower wellhead pressures or installation of compression
• Evaluating well stimulation treatments

129
INTEGRATION PRODUCTION MODEL

130
PRODUCTION MODELING SOFTWARE

131
PRODUCTION MODELING SOFTWARE SAMPLE
Well simulation

Production system simulation

132
 NODAL ANALYSIS
An ideal well productivity is the final goal of Production Optimization. In particular, well productivity
is determined by a well inflow performance and in this context, a common approach is “Nodal
Analysis”. It is a system analysis approach applied to analyze the performance of systems composed
of interacting components.

The Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) is defined as the

functional relationship between the inflow production rate
and the inflowing pressure at node . The Outflow
Performance Relationship (OPR) is defined as the functional
relationship between the outflow production rate and the
outflowing pressure at node. The interaction of IPR and OPR
is the Working Point of the system.

133
NODAL ANALYSIS (PRINCIPLE)

P node= Pwf

134
NODAL ANALYSIS

135
 SUGGESTION TO INCREASE
PRODUCTION
The optimum production is high flow rate with low
pressure drop which can be expressed as high productivity
index (J). productivity index is the ratio of the total liquid
surface flowrate to the pressure drawdown at the midpoint
of the producing interval. The units typically are in field
units, STB/D/psi as shown below:

Productivity Index = J = Q/(Pe-Pwf)

J = Productivity Index, STB/day/psi

Q = Surface flowrate at standard conditions, STB/D
Pe = External boundary radius pressure, psi
Pwf = Well sand-face mid-perf pressure, psi
The pattern of different flow rate versus the pressure
(Pwf) shows the IPR curve.
136
 SUGGESTION TO INCREASE PRODUCTION
Basically, there are many suggestion to increase the well productivity by increase the potential
or remove the Production inhibitors such as the skin factor. Following some of the actions lead
to increase the productivity factor based on the well status.
Increase the perforation interval or reperforate the perforation intervals
 The conditions:-
 Avoid the FWL (to avoid early water production)
 Avoid water or gas coning
 The diagnostic:-
 CPI
 PLT

137
SUGGESTION TO INCREASE PRODUCTION
 decrease near wellbore pressure drop by:-
 Stimulation by acidizing or fracturing
 Lateral or horizontal drilling
The condition:-
 High pressure drop via skin effect
 Low permeability
Diagnostics:-
 DST (evaluate skin factor)
 CPI (predict the permeability)
 Core analysis (evaluate the rock

permeability

138
SUGGESTION TO INCREASE PRODUCTION
Plugging the unwanted perforation intervals or zones which produce water and decrease the
productivity duo to increase the hydrostatic pressure.
Isolate these intervals and zones by plugs
The conditions:-
 Water cut production with oil

Diagnostics:-
 PLT
 Multi-phase flow meter (MPFM)

139
DEVELOPMENT
The combination of the geological and
STRATEGIES
reservoir modeling results with the
results of the reservoir and production
simulation assist to create the
development plan. This plan follow
strategies to apply on the field.
DRILLING NEW WELLS
Firstly, drilling new well strategies by
define the well spot pattern and the
spacing. Selecting optimal well sites is
a valuable problem to solve;
maximizing oil recovery increases oil
reserves and minimizing costs
improves profitability.

140
PREDICTING NEW WELL
PERFORMANCE

141
COMPLEATION
Well completion is the process of making a well ready for production (or injection) after drilling
operations. The purposes of a well completion are to:-
 Connect the reservoir to the surface so that fluids can be produced from or injected into the
reservoir
 Provide a conduit for well stimulation treatments
 Isolate the producing reservoir from other zones
 Protect the integrity of the reservoir, especially in unconsolidated formations
 Provide a conduit to measure the changes in flow rate and pressure needed to run a well test

Most of the well completion designed to deal with some production problems such as:-
Set sand screen control, set ESP, barefoot completion and multi-zone production

142
COMPLEATION

143
NECESSARY SURFACE EQUIPMENT

Based on the development plan, the required surface facilities and equipment have to set to
control the production aspects. Also, during the production period there are some upgrades done
on the system to obtain the new conditions specially when problems appear. For instant, the
control system and power supply installed for operate the ESP. Also, MPFM install to evaluate
the water cut and gas production with the oil. Huge upgrading on the facilities to prepare for the
EOR project from pumps, controls systems and processing units. Also for water and salt
production the surface facilities will upgrade by installing dehydrator and desalter units

144
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE
PROPOSED STRATEGY
Besides maximizing the crude production, operating conditions may be optimized in order to reduce the
Capital Expenditure (CAPEX), in case of a new design, or to stay within the design capacity of the
existing equipment, in case of a plant already in operation. The goal of the integrated model is to study
the potential of integrated optimization. Hence, an economic model is developed to calculate the asset
value. The model is based on Net Present Value (NPV)is calculated in a normal manner by introducing a
discount factor. The operational expenses (OPEX)

145
REFERENCES:-
Hutahaean, Junko JJ, et al. "Optimization of well placement to minimize the risk of scale
deposition in field development." Abu Dhabi international petroleum exhibition and
conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014.
Wan, Renpu. Advanced well completion engineering. Gulf professional publishing, 2011.
Nurliana binti Alias, Nurliana. "A STUDY OF PRODUCTION OPTIMIZATION USING
PROSPER." (2012).
Andreasen, Anders. "Applied Process Simulation-Driven Oil and Gas Separation Plant
Optimization using Surrogate Modeling and Evolutionary Algorithms." ChemEngineering 4.1
(2020): 11.
Killough, John, et al. "Surface Facilities and Reservoir Modeling of a Middle Eastern Multi-
Reservoir Complex." International Journal of Engineering 1.4 (2013): 2305-8269.
Wang, Pengju, Michael Litvak, and Khalid Aziz. "Optimization of production operations in
petroleum fields." SPE annual technical conference and exhibition. Society of Petroleum
Engineers, 2002.

146
RESERVOIR SIMULATORS

Dynamic simulated model for saturation match constrained to field water cut (FWCT). The pink, cyan,
deep blue curves represent model responses for observed/historical data indicated by black dots.
147
 RESERVOIR SIMULATORS

Dynamic simulated model for cumulative water production (FWPT) match. The pink, cyan, deep blue
curves represent model responses for observed/historical data indicated by black dotted curve.
148
RESERVOIR SIMULATORS

Dynamic simulated model for field gas-oil-ratio (FGOR) match. The red, cyan, deep blue curves represent
model responses for observed/historical data indicated by black curve. 149
CONCLUSIONS
A model of a specific volume of the subsurface that incorporates all the geologic characteristics
of the reservoir. Such models are used to quantify characteristics within the subsurface volume
that are relatively stable over long periods of time and can, therefore, be considered static. These
attributes include the structural shape and thicknesses of the formations within the subsurface
volume being modeled, their lithologies, and the porosity and permeability distributions.

150
REFERENCES:-
Thai, Ngoc Ba, et al. "Applying the evaluation results of porosity-permeability distribution
characteristics based on hydraulic flow units (HFU) to improve the reliability in building a 3D
geological model, GD field, Cuu Long Basin." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and
Production Technology 7.3 (2017): 687-697.
Feng, Congjun, et al. "3D Reservoir Modeling of Triassic Yanchang Formation Chang 8 Layer
in Honghe36 well area, Ordos Basin, China." The Open Petroleum Engineering Journal 10.1
(2017).
Evans, Annan Boah, Aidoo Borsah Abraham, and Brantson Eric Thompson. "Integrated
Reservoir Characterisation for Petrophysical Flow Units Evaluation and Performance
Prediction." The Open Chemical Engineering Journal 13.1 (2019).

151