Eukaryotic Cells Share Many Similarities.: Key Concept

3.
2 Cell Organelles
KEY CONCEPT Eukaryotic cells share many similarities.

3.2 Cell Organelles
Cells have an internal structure.
Each eukaryotic cell has:

* A cytoskeleton, which is a
flexible network of proteins that
provide structural support for the
cell.
* It is made of small protein
subunits that form long threads, or
fibers, that crisscross the entire cell.
3.2 Cell Organelles
• Three main types of fibers make up the cytoskeleton and
allow it to serve a wide range of functions:
• Microtubules are long, hollow tubes.

They give the cell its shape and act as
“tracks” for the movement of
organelles.
• Intermediate filaments, which are

somewhat smaller than microtubules,
give a cell its strength.
• Microfilaments, the smallest of the three,

are tiny threads that enable cells to
move and divide.
3.2 Cell Organelles
• The cytoskeleton has many functions.
– supports and shapes cell

– helps position and transport organelles
– provides strength
– assists in cell division
– aids in cell movement
3.2 Cell Organelles
- Cytoplasm:
* Is a jellylike substance that contains dissolved molecular building
blocks—such as proteins, nucleic acids, minerals, and ions.
Cytoplasm also contains ribosomes—molecules where proteins are
assembled.
•An important contributor to cell structure. In eukaryotes:
•It fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. The
fluid portion, excluding the organelles, is called cytosol and consists
mostly of water.
•The makeup of cytoplasm shows that water is necessary for
maintaining cell structure. This is only one of many reasons that
water is an essential component for life, however. Many chemical
reactions occur in the cytoplasm, where water acts as an important
solvent.
3.2 Cell Organelles
3.2 Cell Organelles
Several organelles are involved in making and
processing proteins.
• The nucleus stores genetic information.
* There are two major demands on the
nucleus:
1- DNA must be carefully protected.
2- DNA must be available for use at the proper
times.
Molecules that would damage DNA need to be kept

out of the nucleus.
•The nucleus is composed of the cell’s DNA
enclosed in a double membrane called the nuclear
envelope. Each membrane in the nuclear envelope
is similar to the membrane surrounding the entire
cell.
•Nucleolus is a dense region where ribosomes are
assembled
3.2 Cell Organelles
• Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum.
The endoplasmic reticulum or the ER, is an
interconnected network of thin, folded
membranes.
•The composition is very similar to that of the
cell membrane and nuclear membranes.
•The ER membranes form a maze of enclosed
spaces.
•The interior of this maze is called the lumen.
•Numerous processes, including the production
of proteins and lipids, occur both on the surface
of the ER and inside the lumen
3.2 Cell Organelles
• There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum.
– rough endoplasmic
reticulum
– smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
3.2 Cell Organelles
processing proteins. (continued)
• The Golgi apparatus:
consists of closely layered
stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces that
process, sort, and deliver proteins.
• Its membranes contain enzymes that make
additional changes to proteins.
• The Golgi apparatus also packages proteins. Some
of the packaged proteins are stored within the Golgi
apparatus for later use. Some are transported to
other organelles within the cell. Still others are
carried to the membrane and secreted outside the
cell.
3.2 Cell Organelles
3.2 Cell Organelles
• Ribosomes link amino acids to form proteins.
• Ribosomes are themselves made of

proteins and RNA.
• Not all ribosomes are bound to the ER;
some are suspended in the cytoplasm.
• proteins made on the ER are either
incorporated into the cell membrane or
secreted.
• proteins made on suspended ribosomes are
typically used in chemical reactions
occurring within the cytoplasm.
3.2 Cell Organelles
• Vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that hold materials.
* Are a general name used to

describe small, membrane-bound
sacs:
•Divide some materials from the vesicl
rest of the cytoplasm es
•Transport these materials from
place to place within the cell.
•Vesicles are generally short-lived
and are formed and recycled as
needed.
3.2 Cell Organelles
Other organelles have various functions.
• Mitochondria supply energy to the cell.
• Mitochondria are bean shaped and
have two membranes.
• The inner membrane has many folds

that greatly increase its surface area.
• Within these inner folds and

compartments, a series of chemical
reactions converts molecules from
the food you eat into usable energy
• Unlike most organelles,
mitochondria have their own
ribosomes and DNA.
3.2 Cell Organelles
• Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs used for the storage of
materials needed by a cell.
• These materials may include
water, food molecules,

inorganic ions, and enzymes.
• Most animal cells contain
many small vacuoles.

• The central vacuole is a structure
unique to plant cells.

* It is a single, large vacuole that usually takes up most of the
space inside a plant cell. It is filled with a watery fluid that
strengthens the cell and helps to support the entire plant.
3.2 Cell Organelles
• Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material.
( Like enzymes)
• They defend a cell from invading bacteria and viruses.
• They also break down damaged or worn-out cell parts.
• Lysosomal enzymes are made in the rough ER in
an inactive form.
• Vesicles pinch off from the ER membrane, carry
the enzymes, and then fuse with the Golgi
apparatus.
• There, the enzymes are activated and packaged as
lysosomes that pinch off from the Golgi
membrane.
• The lysosomes can then engulf and digest targeted
molecules.
• When a molecule is broken down, the products
pass through the lysosomal membrane and into the
cytoplasm, where they are used again.
3.2 Cell Organelles
• The centrosome is a small region of cytoplasm that
produces microtubules.
• Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes.
– Centrioles are cylinder-shaped organelles made of

short microtubules arranged in a circle. The two
centrioles are perpendicular to each other.
– Centrioles help divide
DNA.
– Centrioles form cilia and
flagella.
3.2 Cell Organelles
Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.
• In plants, algae, fungi, and most bacteria, the cell
membrane is surrounded by a strong cell wall
• A cell wall provides rigid support.
• It gives protection, support, and shape to the cell.
• The cell walls of multiple cells can adhere to each other to
help support an entire organism.
3.2 Cell Organelles
Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.
• Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy.
• are organelles that carry out photosynthesis, a series of
complex chemical reactions that convert solar energy into
energy rich molecules the cell can use.
• They have both an outer membrane and an inner
membrane. They also have stacks of disc-shaped sacs
within the inner membrane contain chlorophyll.

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3.

KEY CONCEPT Eukaryotic cells share many similarities.

Each eukaryotic cell has:

• Microtubules are long, hollow tubes.

• Intermediate filaments, which are

• Microfilaments, the smallest of the three,

– supports and shapes cell

Molecules that would damage DNA need to be kept

• Ribosomes are themselves made of

* Are a general name used to

• The inner membrane has many folds

• Within these inner folds and

water, food molecules,

many small vacuoles.

unique to plant cells.

– Centrioles are cylinder-shaped organelles made of

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