Dewateringtechniques

DEWATERING TECHNIQUES
What is dewatering on a construction site?
• Dewatering is the term for the control of groundwater by pumping.

• On construction sites it may be known as ‘construction
dewatering’.
The method is also used on mine sites – ‘mine dewatering’
• The process of dewatering can be defined as – pumping from wells or

sumps to temporarily lower groundwater levels, to allow excavations to be
made in dry and stable conditions below natural groundwater level
WHY DO WE NEED DEWATERING ON
CONSTRUCTION SITE?
• As we all know that for working at a construction site, it should be completely dry
and the surface should be such that one can easily work .
• For excavation and for making basements of building dewatering the site,
is
must, for easy working of the people and for the safety of the people working.
• Dewatering is also necessary during the rainy season, when excavation work is
to be done during the rainy season, for smooth and fast working dewatering of
the site is must.
• As discussed before, even in mines dewatering is must , else the mine will be
prone to accidents.
PURPOSE FOR DEWATERING
• During construction stage:

1. Provide a dry excavation and permit construction to proceed efficiently.
2. Reduce lateral loads on sheeting and bracing in excavations.
3. Improve supporting characteristics of foundation materials.
4. Increase stability of excavation slopes and side-hill fills.
5. Cut off capillary rise and prevent piping and frost heaving in pavements.
6. Reduce air pressure in tunneling operations.
• Post construction stage:
1. Reduce or eliminate uplift pressures on bottom slabs and permit economics
from the reduction of slab thicknesses fro basements, buried structures, canal
linings, spillways, dry docks, etc.
2. Provide for dry basements.
3. Reduce lateral pressures on retaining structures.
4. Control embankment seepage in all dams.
5. Control seepage and pore pressures beneath pavements, side-hill fills,
and cut slopes.
HOW IT IS DONE?
Filtering and Discharge at

Collection of removing silt proper
Pumping
water and impurities location
Source of unwanted water on construction site
• Sources of surface water

 Rainfall
 Construction operations (E.G. Concreting, washing of plant)
 Seepage through cut-off walls.
• Other source is groundwater
Methods of surface water control
• Source control
 Intercept run-off before it reaches the excavation
 Prevent unnecessary generation of water in the excavation

 Collect water as soon as it reaches the work area (or before!)
• Water collection
 French drains to intercept run off
 Collector drains and sumps
 Pumping systems (keep it simple!)
Dewatering techniques
• Construction dewatering methods

The design of effective construction dewatering methods should be based on
number of information sources:
-Geotechnical and groundwater site investigations undertaken at the
commencement of any project;
-Information provided by any geotechnical study undertaken during the concept
design stage
-Groundwater information source from relevant authorities
-A site risk assesments
Widely used dewatering techniques
• Sump pumping
• Well points
• Deep wells
• Ejector wells
SUMP PUMPING
• A sump is merely a hole in the ground from which water is being pumped for the
purpose of removing water from the adjoining area as shown in fig.
• They are used with ditches leading to them in large excavations. Up to
maximum of 8m below pump installation level; for greater depths a submersible
pump is required.
• Shallow slopes may be required for unsupported excavations in silts and fine
sands. Gravels and coarse sands are more suitable.
• If there are existing foundations in the vicinity pumping may cause settlement of
these foundations. Subsidence of adjacent ground and sloughing of the lower
part of a slope (sloped pits) may occur.
• The sump should be preferably lined with a filter material which has grain size
gradations in compatible with the filter rules.
• For prolonged pumping the sump should be prepared by first driving sheeting
around the sump area for the full depth of the sump and installing a cage inside
the sump made of wire mesh with internal strutting or a perforating pipe filling
the filter material.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
SUMP PITS METHOD
Groundwat Advantages Disadvantages
er
lowering
method
Sump Pits 1. Widely used method. 1. Ground water flows towards the
2. Most economical method for installation excavation with high head or a
and maintenance. steep slope and hence there is a
3. Can be applied for most soil and rock conditions. risk of collapse of sides.
4. Most appropriate method in situation where boulders or 2. In open or timbered excavations
massive obstructions are met within the ground. there is risk of instability of the
Greatest depth to which the water table can be lowered base due to upward.
by this method is about 8 m below the pump.
WELL POINT SYSTEM OF DEWATERING
• The most common practice of dewatering used in ahmedabad is the
implementation of a well system. Wells are systematically drilled around the
construction area and submersible pumps placed into these wells. This practice
appears to work effectively for many projects, especially those building projects
that require excavations for deep basements.
• Setup and Procedure of working:
• A well-point is 5.0-7.5 cm diameter metal or plastic pipe 60 cm – 120 cm long
which is perforated and covered with a screen. The lower end of the pipe has a
driving head with water holes for jetting as shown in fig. Well-points are
connected to 5.0-7.5 cm diameter pipes known as riser pipes and are inserted
into the ground by driving or jetting.
• The upper ends of the riser pipes lead to a header pipe which, in turn,
connected to a pump. The ground water is drawn by the pump into the well-
points through the header pipe and discharged as shown in fig.
• The well-points are usually installed with 0.75m – 3m spacing.
• In gravels spacing required may be too close and impracticable. In clays it is
also not used because it is too slow. In silts and silt – clay mixtures the use of
well points are aided by upper (0.60m – 0.90m long) compacted clay seals and
sand-filtered boreholes (20cm – 60cm diameter). Upper clay seals help to
maintain higher suction (vacuum) pressures and sand filters increase the
amount of discharge.
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE OF WELL
SYSTEM
Groundwater Advantages disadvantages
lowering
method
Well systems 1. Effective in sandy soils 1. Noteffective beyond

4-6
2. Provide drawdown up to 5-6 meters in sand
meters of drawdown
and 4 meters in silty soil.
2. Might require stages of well
3. Relatively cheap and flexible
installation.
4. Installation is very rapid.
5. Water is filtered and carries little or no
soil particles.
6. There is less danger of subsidence of the
surrounding ground than with open-sump
pumping
DEEP WELL
• Deep well systems consist of one or more individual wells, each of which has its
own submersible pump at the bottom of the well shaft. Such systems are
particularly suitable. Where large volumes of water in highly permeable sand
and gravel areas permitting rapid recharging of ground water from surrounding
areas exist. The range of permeability under which the deep well system is a
pplicable.
 SPACING OF DEEP WELL POINT SYSTEM
• Normally, individual wells are spaced at an approximate distance of 15 m (50

feet) apart. However, depending upon soil conditions and the dewatering plan
the spacing may need to be just a few meters apart.
 DEWATERING CAPACITY OF DEEP WELL POINT SYSTEM
• Individual well capacities are from 2100 to 3000 gallons per minute and
with total systems the capacities can be as high as 60 000 gallons per minute.
• Deep well pumps can lift water 30 m (100 feet) or more in a single stage and the
variation of the typical deep well system is a pressure within an aquifer.
• Deep well points require no pump as the water is forced to the surface by its
own pressure. To boost the water flow a vacuum pump is frequently used.
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGES OF DEEP WELL
SYSTEM
Groundwater advantages Disadvantages

lowering method
Deep wells 1. Nolimits on 1. Expensive
to
drawdown
install
2. Fewer
wells required
than well system
DITCHES AND TRENCHES
• Ditches french drains (commonly known as trenches in construction

and
projects in ahmedabad) are also used on qatar’s construction sites.
• The ditches are formed in a pre-planned manner, allowing groundwater flow to
surface in the deeper level trenches. Perforated pipes are then placed in the
trenches, and groundwater extracted through these pipelines to be filtered.
These trenches were particularly common in infrastructure network projects.
• Graded aggregates and geotextile layer to be used when laying out
the pipelines.
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
Groundwater Advantages Disadvantages

lowering
method
Ditches/French drains 1. Relatively inexpensive 1. Possible
obstruction
2. Controls shallow groundwater
of traffic
and over bleed.
2. Groundwater will only
3. Effective in controlling
be controlled at
groundwater after casting of
shallow depth
foundations.
3. Unlikely to be
effective in fine
EDUCTOR SYSTEM
• This system also known as the ‘jet eductor system’ or ‘ejector system’ or
‘eductor wellpoint system’ is similar to the wellpoint system.
• Instead of employing a vacuum to draw water to the well-points, the eductor
system uses high pressure water and riser units, each about 30-40mm in
diameter.
• A high pressure supply main feeds water through a venturi tube immediately
above the perforated well screen, creating a reduction in pressure which draws
water through the large diameter rise pipe. The high pressure main feeds off the
return water.
• The advantage of the eductor system is that in operating many well points from
a single pump station, the water table can be lowered in one stage from depths
of 10-45 m.
WORKING PROCEDURE OF EDUCTOR SYSTEM
• Supply pumps at ground level feed high-pressure water to each eductor well
head via a supply main.
• The supply flow passes down the well and through a nozzle and venturi in the
eductor. The flow of water through the nozzle generates a vacuum in the well
and draws in groundwater.
• The supply flow and extracted ground water mix, return to the surface and feed
back to the pumping station via a return main. The return flow is used to prime
the supply pumps and the excess water extracted is discharged by overflow
from the priming tank.
• A single pumping station can be used to operate up to about 75 eductor wells
installed in an appropriate array around the works.
ADVANTAGES OF EDUCTOR SYSTEM
1. They are flexible in level and layout.

2. Stable in operation.
3. Able to run dry without damage.
4. Not limited by depth. Also effective to greater depths.
5. Best in low-yielding wells.
6. Energy intensive.
7. Venturi in base of well creates vacuum.
THINGS TO BE TAKEN CARE DURING
DEWATERING!!!
• Dewatering activities must be done properly to avoid eroding the soil on
the construction site.
• It is also important to choose the best location for discharge, even when
you might be far away from water bodies or catch basins.
• Water should not be pumped directly into slopes.
• Pay special attention and discontinue dewatering if the area shows signs
of instability or erosion.
• Channels used on dewatering must be stable and better if they have
been protected with grass or vegetation.
• Avoid dewatering under heavy rains because the infiltration rate is at a minimum
and water will move slower or just the dewatering process will not function.
• Never discharge water that has been contaminated with oil, grease, chemical
products directly. In such instances an oil/water separator may be necessary.
• Additional permits and requirements might be needed from state, local
or
federal agencies.

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DEWATERING TECHNIQUES

What is dewatering on a construction site?

• Dewatering is the term for the control of groundwater by pumping.

• The process of dewatering can be defined as – pumping from wells or

• During construction stage:

Filtering and Discharge at

• Sources of surface water

 Prevent unnecessary generation of water in the excavation

• Construction dewatering methods

Well systems 1. Effective in sandy soils 1. Noteffective beyond

• Normally, individual wells are spaced at an approximate distance of 15 m (50

Groundwater advantages Disadvantages

• Ditches french drains (commonly known as trenches in construction

Groundwater Advantages Disadvantages

1. They are flexible in level and layout.

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