Oracle SQL and PL/SQL

Introduction to Oracle SQL and PL/SQL

10 Sep 2023
Agenda

Overview
Configure Oracle SQL Developer
Oracle SQL Basics
Data Definition Language(DDL)
Data Manipulation Language(DML)
Oracle Built-In Functions
Oracle PL/SQL Introduction
Practice
Q&A
 Oracle SQL Overview
Structured Query Language (SQL) is the set of statements with which all programs and users access data
in an Oracle Database. The strengths of SQL provide benefits for all types of users, including application
programmers, database administrators, managers, and end users. The purpose of SQL is to provide an
interface to a relational database such as Oracle Database, and all SQL statements are instructions to the
database.
Among the features of SQL are the following:
• It processes sets of data as groups rather than as individual units.
• It provides automatic navigation to the data.
• It uses statements that are complex and powerful individually, and that therefore stand alone. Flow-
control statements, such as begin-end, if-then-else, loops, and exception condition handling, were
initially not part of SQL and the SQL standard, but they can now be found in ISO/IEC 9075-4 -
Persistent Stored Modules (SQL/PSM). The PL/SQL extension to Oracle SQL is similar to PSM.
SQL provides statements for a variety of tasks, including:
• Querying data
• Inserting, updating, and deleting rows in a table
• Creating, replacing, altering, and dropping objects
• Controlling access to the database and its objects
• Guaranteeing database consistency and integrity
Data Definition Language(DDL)
• CREATE: Creates objects in the database, such as tables, views, and functions.
• ALTER: Changes or alters objects in the database, such as tables and views.
• DROP: Drops, or deletes, objects in the database.
• TRUNCATE: Removes all data from a table.
• RENAME: Changes the name of an object in the database.
• COMMENT: Adds comments for an object to the data dictionary.
• GRANT: Give privileges to a user or role in the database.
• REVOKE: Remove certain privileges from a user or role in the database.
• ANALYZE: Analyses information on a table, index, or cluster.
• AUDIT: Track the occurrence of SQL statements in user sessions or on specific schema objects.
• NOAUDIT: Disables auditing set up by the AUDIT command.
• ASSOCIATE STATISTICS: Associate a statistics type with columns, functions, and other objects.
• DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS: Remove the statistics association set up by ASSOCIATE
STATISTICS.
• FLASHBACK: Restore an earlier version of a table.
• PURGE: Remove a table or index from the recycle bin.

Note: DDL commands cannot be rolled back, as they include a COMMIT as part of their execution.
 Data Definition Language(DDL)
CREATE
• Creating Tables
Tables are the basic unit of data storage in an Oracle Database. Data is stored in rows and
columns.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_Name1 data_type ( size of the column ) ,
column_Name2 data_type ( size of the column) ,
column_Name3 data_type ( size of the column) ,
...
column_NameN data_type ( size of the column )
);

• Create Indexes
Index is a database object that creates and stores records for all values in specific columns or
clusters. With the help of indexes, users can access the necessary data portion much faster and
easier.
CREATE INDEX Name_of_Index ON Name_of_Table (column_name_1 , column_name_2 , … . ,
column_name_N);
Data Definition Language(DDL) Practice
 Data Definition Language(DDL)
CREATE
• Creating Triggers
Triggers are procedures that are stored in the database and are implicitly run, or fired, when something
happens. Traditionally, triggers supported the execution of a procedural code, in Oracle procedural SQL
is called a PL/SQL block. PL stands for procedural language. When an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
occurred on a table or view. Triggers support system and other data events on DATABASE and
SCHEMA.

CREATE TRIGGER [trigger_name]

[ BEFORE | AFTER ]
{ INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE }
ON [table_name] ;
• Creating Views
Views are virtual tables formed by a query. A view is a dictionary object that you can use until you drop
it. Views are not updatable.

CREATE VIEW view-Name

[ ( Simple-column-Name [, Simple-column-Name] * ) ]
AS Query [ ORDER BY clause ]
[ result offset clause ]
[ fetch first clause ]
 Data Definition Language(DDL) Practice
CREATE
• Views In Detail
Views provide users controlled access to tables
Base Table–table containing the raw data
Virtual Table–constructed automatically as needed; not maintained as real data
Dynamic View
A "virtual table"created dynamically upon request by a user
No data actually stored; instead data from base table made available to user
Based on SQL SELECT statement on base tables or other views
Contents materialized as a result of a query
Example
 Data Definition Language(DDL)
ALTER
• ALTER TABLE
ALTER TABLE table-Name
{
ADD COLUMN column-definition |
ADD CONSTRAINT clause |
DROP [ COLUMN ] column-name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP { PRIMARY KEY | FOREIGN KEY constraint-name | UNIQUE
constraint-name | CHECK constraint-name | CONSTRAINT constraint-name }
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column-alteration |
LOCKSIZE { ROW | TABLE }
}
Adding columns
Adding constraints
Dropping columns
Dropping constraints
Modifying columns
 Data Definition Language(DDL)
DROP
• DROP is a DDL command used to delete/remove the database objects from the SQL database. We can
easily remove the entire table, view, or index from the database using this DDL command

Syntax to remove a table: DROP TABLE Table_Name;

Syntax to remove an index: DROP INDEX Index_Name;

 Data Manipulation Language(DML)
• Insert Statement
Adds one or more rows to a table
i. Inserting into a table

ii. Inserting a record that has some null attributes requires identifying the fields that actually get data

iii. Inserting from another table

 Data Manipulation Language(DML)
• Update Statement
Modifies data in existing rows

• Delete Statement
Removes rows from a table
To Delete specific rows
DELETE FROM CUSTOMER_T WHERE CUSTOMERSTATE = ‘HI’;
To Delete all rows
DELETE FROM CUSTOMER_T;
 Data Manipulation Language(DML)
• Select Statement
SELECT command or statement in SQL is used to fetch data records from the database table and present it in
the form of a result set. It is usually considered a DQL command, but it can also be considered a DML.

Used for queries on single or multiple tables

Clauses of the SELECT statement:
SELECT
List the columns (and expressions) to be returned from the query
FROM
Indicate the table(s) or view(s) from which data will be obtained
WHERE
Indicate the conditions under which a row will be included in the result
GROUP BY
Indicate categorization of results
HAVING
Indicate the conditions under which a category (group) will be included
ORDER BY
Sorts the result according to specified criteria
 Data Manipulation Language(DML)
• Select Statement

The basic syntax for writing a SELECT query in SQL is as follows :

SELECT column_name1, column_name2, …
FROM table_name
WHERE condition_ expression;

The parameters used in the above syntax are as follows :

 column_name1, column_name2, … : Specify the column_names which have to be fetched or selected for
the final result set.
 table_name: Specify the name of the database table from which these results have to be fetched.
 condition_expression: Specify the condition expression for filtering records for the final result set.
 Data Manipulation Language(DML)
• Select Example
Find products with standard price less than 275

Alias is an alternative column or table name

Here, CUST is a table alias and Name is a column alias

 Data Manipulation Language(DML)
• Select Example – Boolean Operators
AND, OR, and NOT Operators for customizing conditions in WHERE clause

Note: the LIKE operator allows you to compare strings using wildcards. For example, the % wildcard in
‘%Desk’ indicates that all strings that have any number of characters preceding the word “Desk” will be
allowed.
 Data Manipulation Language(DML)
• Select Example – Boolean query without use of parentheses

By default, processing order of Boolean operators is NOT, then

AND, then OR
 Data Manipulation Language(DML)
• Select Example – With parentheses…these override the normal precedence of Boolean operators

With parentheses, you can override normal precedence rules.

In this case parentheses make the OR take place before the
AND.
 Data Manipulation Language(DML)
• Select Example – Sorting results with ORDER BY clause
Sort the results first by STATE, and within a state by the CUSTOMER NAME

Note: the IN operator in this example allows you to include rows whose CustomerState value is either FL, TX,
CA, or HI. It is more efficient than separate OR conditions.
 Data Manipulation Language(DML)
• Select Example –Group By Clause, Having Clause
The GROUP BY clause is a clause in the SELECT statement. It allows you to create groups of rows that
have the same value when using some functions (such as SUM, COUNT, MAX, MIN, and AVG).

The HAVING clause is an optional clause of the SELECT statement. It is used to filter groups of rows
returned by the GROUP BY clause. This is why the HAVING clause is usually used with the GROUP BY
clause.

SELECT
column_list
FROM
T
GROUP BY
c1
HAVING
group_condition;
 Data Manipulation Language(DML)
• Select Example –JOIN
A join is a query that combines rows from two or more tables, views, or materialized views. Oracle Database
performs a join whenever multiple tables appear in the FROM clause of the query. The select list of the
query can select any columns from any of these tables.
Equi join
An equijoin is a join with a join condition containing an equality operator. An equijoin combines rows
that have equivalent values for the specified columns. This is represented by (=) sign. This join retrieves
information by using equality condition.
Self Joins
A self join is a join of a table to itself. This table appears twice in the FROM clause and is followed by
table aliases that qualify column names in the join condition. To perform a self join, Oracle Database
combines and returns rows of the table that satisfy the join condition.
Inner Joins
An inner join (sometimes called a simple join) is a join of two or more tables that returns only those
rows that satisfy the join condition.
Outer Joins
An outer join extends the result of a simple join. An outer join returns all rows that satisfy the join
condition and also returns some or all of those rows from one table for which no rows from the other
satisfy the join condition.
Q&A
Thank you