DO Now:: What Is DNA? What Is It Used For? Why Do We Need It?
DO Now:: What Is DNA? What Is It Used For? Why Do We Need It?
DO Now:: What Is DNA? What Is It Used For? Why Do We Need It?
◦ What is DNA?
◦ What is it used for?
◦ Why do we need it?
DNA = Makes up genes for all living things.
What are genes??
◦ Blueprints for us!!
Acid (DNA)
Dee-oxy-ribo + nuke-lay-ick +Acid
“Double Helix”
shape
Nucleotides are the basic units of DNA
Recognize the similarities between the
terms:
◦ Nucleotide
◦ Deoxyribonucleic acid
◦ nucleus.
A nucleotide is
made of 3
components:
- A Phosphate
- A Nitrogen Base
- A Sugar
◦ The sugar in DNA is
deoxyribose.
(Deoxyribonucleic
acid)
Four bases
are:
◦ Thymine
◦ Adenine
◦ Cytosine
◦ Guanine
The Bases pair up
with bases on
another strand
A group of 3
bases is called a
“codon.” Codons
code for amino
acids.
Adenine (A)
always pairs with
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
always pairs with
Guanine (G)
What is the general What is each
structure of DNA? nucleotide made of?
◦ Double Helix ◦ Sugar (Deoxyribose)
What composes the ◦ Phosphate
DNA “backbone” or ◦ Nitrogen Base
side pieces? What are the bases?
◦ Deoxyribose (sugar) ◦ Adanine, Thyamine,
& Phosphate Cytosine, Guanine
What is the name of What bases pair with
the 3-part unit of each other?
DNA called? ◦ A+T
◦ Nucleotide ◦ C+G
What is a Codon?
◦ A group of 3 bases
(codes for an amino
acid)
Ribonucleic Acid
Created from DNA replication
Single-strand
Uracil base instead of Thyamine base
Ribonucleic acid
Translation
What does it mean to Transcribe?
◦ Hint: Trans + Scribe
“To re-write” or “To copy”
What does it mean to Translate?
◦ Hint: Trans + Late
“To determine” or “to decipher”
The majority of genes are expressed as the
proteins they encode. The process occurs
in two steps:
◦ Transcription = DNA → RNA
◦ Translation = RNA → protein
DNA> RNA
◦ DNA is “unzipped” and new nucleotides are added
to one side (creates mRNA)
This is the template to be read later
Occurs in the nucleus
1. Enzymes unzip the DNA molecule
2. Free RNA nucleotides pair with their
complimentary DNA base pairs
• If a DNA sequence were AGC TAA CCG, the
RNA bases would be UCG AUU GGC
3. When base pairing is complete, the
mRNA molecule breaks away
1. the DNA strand rejoins
2. mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the
ribosome.
http://youtu.be/OtYz_3rkvPk
http://youtu.be/5MfSYnItYvg
Occurs in the Ribosome
Codons from mRNA code for different
amino acids and are “read” to create and
assemble the protein
◦ tRNA uses “anticodons” to deposit the amino
acids in the correct order
Amino Acids are the building blocks of
Proteins
*See handout for codons and AA’s
Not all codons code for an amino acid.
Some contain instructions instead
(start/stop)
Stop codon: indicates that protein
replication of Chromosomes
DNA “unzips” like in the first step of
transcription
As the DNA unzips, the nucleotides are
exposed
Free nucleotides base pair with the
exposed nucleotides
◦ If a nucleotide on the strand is a thymine, the
free nucleotide that pairs with it would be
adenine
Results in two
molecules of DNA.
New DNA consists
of:
◦ One original strand
◦ One new strand
http://youtu.be/hfZ8o9D1tus
Why would cells need to replicate?