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    Functional Materials Introduction

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    Hadia
    The document discusses the electrical properties of different types of materials. It explains that metals increase in resistivity with temperature, while semiconductors decrease in resistivity as temperature increases. The band structure of solids determines whether a material is a conductor, semiconductor, or insulator by describing the possible energy levels for electrons. Electrical conductivity ranges greatly from 107 ohm-1 m-1 for metals to 10-10-10-20 ohm-1 m-1 for insulators. Density functional theory studies predict that functionalizing surfaces reduces density of states at the Fermi level, decreasing charge carriers and electrical conductivity.

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    Functional Materials Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Hadia
    8 views11 pages
    The document discusses the electrical properties of different types of materials. It explains that metals increase in resistivity with temperature, while semiconductors decrease in resistivity as temperature increases. The band structure of solids determines whether a material is a conductor, semiconductor, or insulator by describing the possible energy levels for electrons. Electrical conductivity ranges greatly from 107 ohm-1 m-1 for metals to 10-10-10-20 ohm-1 m-1 for insulators. Density functional theory studies predict that functionalizing surfaces reduces density of states at the Fermi level, decreasing charge carriers and electrical conductivity.

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    The document discusses the electrical properties of different types of materials. It explains that metals increase in resistivity with temperature, while semiconductors decrease in resistivity as temperature increases. The band structure of solids determines whether a material is a conductor, semiconductor, or insulator by describing the possible energy levels for electrons. Electrical conductivity ranges greatly from 107 ohm-1 m-1 for metals to 10-10-10-20 ohm-1 m-1 for insulators. Density functional theory studies predict that functionalizing surfaces reduces density of states at the Fermi level, decreasing charge carriers and electrical conductivity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    8 views11 pages

    Functional Materials Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Hadia
    The document discusses the electrical properties of different types of materials. It explains that metals increase in resistivity with temperature, while semiconductors decrease in resistivity as temperature increases. The band structure of solids determines whether a material is a conductor, semiconductor, or insulator by describing the possible energy levels for electrons. Electrical conductivity ranges greatly from 107 ohm-1 m-1 for metals to 10-10-10-20 ohm-1 m-1 for insulators. Density functional theory studies predict that functionalizing surfaces reduces density of states at the Fermi level, decreasing charge carriers and electrical conductivity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    Functional Materials

    Lecture 1 & 2

    Dr. Faisal Shahzad


    Electrical Properties of Materials

    Difference between metals and semi-conductors? Effect of temperature on


    conductivity

    Metals => Increase in resistivity as a result of increase in temperature


    Semi-conductors => Decrease in resistivity as a result of increase in temperature.
    An exponential increase in conductivity as a result of temperature is undesirable.
    Therefore we need to control the conductivity and that is done by the addition of
    dopants.

    So what makes a material conductor, semi-conductor or insulator?

    Band Structures:

    The electronic band structure (or simply band structure) of a solid describes the
    range of energy levels that electrons may have within it, as well as the ranges of
    energy that they may not have (called band gaps).
    Electrical Properties of Materials
    Response to Electrical Forces

    Ohm’s Law

    First form

    Second form
    P= VI= I2R J = current density (A/cm2)
    E = electric field (V/cm)
    = resistivity (ohm.cm)
     = conductivity (ohm-1.cm-1)
    Electrical Properties of Materials

    d
    d= V.t , where V is drift velocity of electrons

    Volume = A*d = = A*V*t

    If n is number of electrons;
    Total number of electrons = A*V*t*n
    Total charge = A*V*t*n*e

    Current = Charge/time = A*V*t*n*e/t = A*V*n*e


    Electrical Properties of Materials

    Electrical conductivity covers an large range material


    Metals ~ 107 ohm-1 m-1

    Semiconductors ~ 10-6 ~ 104 ohm-1 m-1

    Insulators ~ 10-10 ~ 10-20 ohm-1 m-1

    Ionic conductor/ceramics= hopping, diffusion of ions


    Band Structure of Solids
    Only two electrons at most can take up the same energy leveal
    Band Structure of Solids
    Isolated Sodium atom Isolated Sodium atom

    Atoms approaching each other


    Band Structure of Solids
    Fermi Energy
    It is the energy level at which half of the possible energy levels in the
    band are occupied by the electrons. It is the energy level where the
    probability of finding an electron in 50 % (1/2).

    When electrons gain energy, they are excited into empty higher energy
    levels. The promotion of carriers to higher energy levels enables electrical
    conduction.

    Density functional theory (DFT)


    studies have consistently predicted
    that surface functionalization reduces
    the Ti3C2Tx density of states (DOS) at
    the Fermi level (EF), suggesting a
    decrease in the charge carrier density
    and thereby a decrease in the
    conductivity

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