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    Nucleic Acid Chemistry

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    john2001roy
    The document discusses the chemistry of nucleic acids. It describes the key components and structures of nucleic acids including DNA, RNA, nucleotides, histones, and the roles of messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA. Specifically, it notes that nucleic acids are made of monomeric units called nucleotides, and there are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, which differ in their pentose sugar component. The document also provides details on the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of DNA and outlines the functions of different types of RNA.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Nucleic Acid Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    john2001roy
    6 views47 pages
    The document discusses the chemistry of nucleic acids. It describes the key components and structures of nucleic acids including DNA, RNA, nucleotides, histones, and the roles of messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA. Specifically, it notes that nucleic acids are made of monomeric units called nucleotides, and there are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, which differ in their pentose sugar component. The document also provides details on the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of DNA and outlines the functions of different types of RNA.

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    Nucleic Acid Chemistry (1)

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    The document discusses the chemistry of nucleic acids. It describes the key components and structures of nucleic acids including DNA, RNA, nucleotides, histones, and the roles of messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA. Specifically, it notes that nucleic acids are made of monomeric units called nucleotides, and there are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, which differ in their pentose sugar component. The document also provides details on the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of DNA and outlines the functions of different types of RNA.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    6 views47 pages

    Nucleic Acid Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    john2001roy
    The document discusses the chemistry of nucleic acids. It describes the key components and structures of nucleic acids including DNA, RNA, nucleotides, histones, and the roles of messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA. Specifically, it notes that nucleic acids are made of monomeric units called nucleotides, and there are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, which differ in their pentose sugar component. The document also provides details on the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of DNA and outlines the functions of different types of RNA.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 47

    CHEMISTRY OF

    NUCLEIC ACID

    DR MARIAM MUNEER
    LECTURER BIOCHEMISTRY
    NUCLEIC ACIDS:
    Nucleic acids are non protein
    nitrogenous substances made up of
    monomeric units called nucleotides.
    NUCLEOSIDE NUCLEOTIDE

    DEFINITION Nucleoside is a nucleobase linked to a Nucleotide is a monomer of nucleic


    pentose sugar molecule acids like DNA and RNA

    CONTENTS A pentose sugar and a nitrogenous A nitrogenous base, pentose sugar


    base and a phosphate group
    Examples include adenosine, Examples include ATP, cAMP, GTP etc
    EXAMPLES guanosine, cytidine, uridine,
    thymidine
    Nucleic acid

    Nucleotides

    Phosphoric acid Nucleosides

    Sugar Purine Pyrimidine


    Ribose or Guanine base Cytosine,
    deoxyribose and uracil or
    Adenine thymine
    Types
    There are two types of nucleic acids,

    the ribonucleic acid (RNA)


    the de oxyribo nucleic acid (DNA),

    ….which on hydrolysis yield the sugar ribose and


    deoxyribose respectively.
    HISTONES
    Histones are a small family of closely related basic proteins in
    chromatin.

    TYPES OF HISTONES:
    H1 HISTONES: Easily detectable. Least tightly bound and can be
    removed by salt solution. Organizational unit of this soluble
    chromatin is nucleosome.
    Nucleosomes: Contain four types of histones.
    H2A , H2B , H3 AND H4____called core histones.
    TYPES OF HISTONES

    LINKER HISTONES
    H1 histone links to the linker DNA outside the octamer.H1 is
    half as abundant as the other histones.

    CORE HISTONES
    H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are the core histones and form the
    protein core around which the nucleosomal DNA is
    wrapped.All these are present in equal amounts.
    FUNCTION:
    This association of histone octamer with DNA protects the DNA
    from digestion by a nuclease.
    DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC
    ACID(DNA)
     DNA - a polymer of deoxyribo nucleotides.
     Usually double stranded.
     And have double-helix structure.
     found in chromosomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts.
     Carries the genetic information.
     Bound to basic proteins called histones.
    Levels of structure in Nucleic acids
    Primary structure of nucleic acids is the order of bases in
    the polynucleotide sequence.

    Secondary structure is the 3-dimensional


    conformation of the backbone.

    Tertiary structure is specifically the super coiling of


    the molecule.
    STRUCTURE OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
    Primary Structure:
    Nucleotides of each of the two strands are covalently linked
    by 3’—5’ phosphodiester bonds.
    Each such bond is formed by ester linkages of a single
    phosphate residue with the 3’-OH of one nucleotide with the
    C-5’-OH group of the next nucleotide.
    This kind of bonding gives rise to a liner
    polydeoxyribonucleotide strand with 2 free ends on both
    sides.
    The primary structure is the number and sequence of
    different deoxyribonucleotides joined together by
    phosphodiester linkages.
    STRUCTURE OF DNA:
    Secondary Structure:
    This consists of a double stranded helix formed by two
    polydeoxyribonucleotide strands around a central axis.

    First proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953.

    Each of the two strands is coiled about a central axis , usually a


    right handed helix.

    The two sugar phosphate backbones wind around the outside of


    the bases like spiral staircase.

    The phosphodiester bonds run in opposite directions therefore


    the strands are called antiparallel.
    Adenine base of one strand is hydrogen bonded to a
    thymine in the opposite direction while guanine bonded to
    a cytosine.

    Two hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine while


    three between guanine and cytosine.
    DNA BASES
    CHARGAFF’S RULE
    The ratio of the purine to pyrimidine bases in the DNA molecule is
    always around 1.

    GUANINE +ADENINE/THYMINE +CYTOSINE = 1


    In DNA the glycosidic bonds between sugar and bases are not
    directly opposite each other and two grooves of unequal
    width form around the double helix.

    The edge of the helix that measures more than 180˚ from
    glycosidic bond to glycosidic bond is called the major groove
    and if it is less than 180˚ it is called minor groove.
    TYPES OF DNA
    B-DNA:
    Adjacent nucleotides in each chain are rotated by 34.6˚
    relative to each other.
    Double helix completes one turn approximately every 10.4
    base pairs.
    A-DNA:

    When B-DNA crystals are dried or when salt content of the


    crystal is lowered , the long thin B-DNA molecule becomes the
    short stubby molecule called A-DNA.

    The number of base pairs per turn is about 11.

    It is not found under physiological conditions.

    Z-DNA:

    Longer and thinner than B-DNA. It has left handed helix.

    One complete turn has 12 base pairs.


    DENATURATION OF DNA
    Two strands of DNA can separate or unwind during processes
    such as DNA replication, RNA transcription and genetic
    recombination.
    Complete unwinding of the DNA is called Denaturation.
    Denaturation occurs when hydrogen bonds between bases
    break.

    TEMPERATURE OF DNA:
    The temperature at which the strands are half denatured is
    called the melting temperature.
    DNA RNA
    DNA is a deoxyribonucleic acid. RNA is ribonucleic acid.
    DNA consist of 2 helical strands RNA is single stranded
    In addition to A, G, C, the fourth In addition to A, G, C, the fourth base is U—
    base is T—Uracil absent Thymine absent

    DNA is Present in nucleus RNA is present in whole of the cell in the


    cytoplasm as well as in nucleus.

    Pentose sugar is deoxyribose Pentose sugar is ribose

    . DNA can form RNA by the RNA cannot give rise to DNA under normal
    process of “transcription conditions, but it can under special
    experimental conditions using reverse
    transcriptase
    RIBONUCLEIC ACID
    • Usually single stranded but double stranded also present in
    some viruses.
     There are also three main components
    a) Phosphate Group
    b) Sugar(Ribose)
    c) And Nitrogenous base
    The Nitrogenous Bases
     They are divided into two groups:
    i. Purine
    ii. Pyrimidine
     Purines
     Adenine
     Guanine
     Pyrimidine
     Cytosine
     Uracil
    TYPES OF RNA :
    Each type of RNA plays and independent and entirely
    different role in protein formation.
    There are four different types of RNA :

    1 Messenger RNA
    2 Ribosomal RNA
    3 Transfer RNA
    4 Micro RNA
    Messenger
    RNA:
    Which carries the genetic code to
    the cytoplasm for controlling the
    type of protein formed.
    (m-
    Messenger RNA RNA)
    • Comprises only 5% of the RNA in the cell
    • Most heterogeneous in size and base sequence
    • All members of the class function as messengers
    carrying the information in a gene to the
    protein synthesizing machinery

    4
     The 5’ terminal end is capped by 7-
    methyl guanosine triphosphate cap.
     The cap is involved in the recognition
    of mRNA by the translating machinery
     It stabilizes m RNA by protecting it from
    5’ exonuclease
     The 3’end of most m-RNAs have a
    polymer of Adenylate residues( 20-250)
     The tail prevents the attack by 3’
    exonucleases
     Histones and interferons do not contain poly
    A
    tails
     On both 5’ and 3’ end there are non
    coding sequences which are not translated
    (NCS)
    50
    Structural Characteristics
    of m-RNA

    5’ cap and 3’ tail impart stability to m RNA


    by
    protecting from specific exo nucleases.
    51
     RNA CODON

     The m- RNA molecules are formed with the


    help of DNA template during the process of
    transcription.
     The sequence of nucleotides in m RNA is
    complementary to the sequence of
    nucleotides on template DNA.
     The sequence carried on m -RNA is read in
    the form of codons.
     A codon is made up of 3 nucleotide bases

    52
    Transfer RNA:

    Which transports activated amino


    acids to the ribosomes to be used
    in assembling the protein
    molecules.
    Transfer RNA-The Anticodon:
    Small RNA molecule
    Clover leaf appearance
    Transfers amino acids to protein molecule
    Contains 80 nucleotides
    Each tRNA recognizes specific codon on
    mRNA.
    Amino acid
    accepter arm

    Ribosome
    binding site
    Recognizes
    specific enzyme
    Anticodon:
    The specific code in the tRNA
    that allows it to recognize a
    specific codon is a triplet of
    nucleotides bases and is called
    an anticodon.
    Anticodon bases
    combine loosely by
    hydrogen bonding
    with the codon bases
    of mRNA.
    Functions:
    Works as carrier of amino acids
    Participates in protein
    synthesis (Translation).
    Ribosomal
    RNA:

    Forms 80% of the total cellular RNA.


    Which, along with about 75 different
    proteins, forms ribosomes, the
    physical and chemical structures on
    which protein molecules are actually
    assembled.
    As the rRNA forms it collects in the nucleolus.
    In nucleolus it binds with ribosomal proteins to form
    granular condensation products that are predominant
    subunits of ribosomes.
    Subunits release from nucleolus and transported through
    nuclear pores to almost all parts of cytoplasm.
    In cytoplasm rRNA assembled to form mature, functional
    ribosomes.
    Function :
    Ribosomal RNA maintains ribosomal assembly.
    It also helps in binding mRNA to ribosomes.

    57

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