Grammar Lecture For ECRE - 064719

GRAMMAR
PARTS OF
SPEECH
NOUNS
 a noun names something – person,
place, thing, event, phenomena,
emotions, etc.
KINDS OF NOUNS
 Proper Nouns  Common Nouns
 Count Nouns  Non-Count/Mass
 Collective Nouns
Nouns  Compound Nouns
PRONOUNS
 These are words that stand for
nouns.
KINDS OF PRONOUNS
1. Personal Nouns
 These are pronouns that refer
to the person speaking, the
person spoken to, or the person
or the thing spoken about.
KINDS OF PRONOUNS
2. Possessive Pronouns
 These are pronouns that show
possession.
KINDS OF PRONOUNS
3. Reflective and Intensive
Pronouns
 Reflective pronoun reflects back
on the subject of the sentence
while intensive pronoun adds
emphasis or intensity to a noun .
KINDS OF PRONOUNS
4. Indefinite Pronouns
 Do not refer to a specific noun.
KINDS OF PRONOUNS
5. Interrogative Pronouns
 Used in asking questions.
KINDS OF PRONOUNS
6. Demonstrative Pronouns
 Used in pointing nouns.
ADJECTIVES
 An adjective qualifies and tells
something about noun or pronoun
through descriptions.
ADJECTIVES
 It answer the question:
 What kind?
 Which one?
 How many?
 How much?
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
• Big  Bigger  Biggest

• Useful  More Useful  Most Useful
• Active  Less Active  Least Active
• Bad  Worse  Worst
VERBS
 Verbs are defined as an action
words.
ACTIVE VERBS
 These are verbs that express
action. Words like run, walk, talk,
sing and dance.
REGULAR VERBS
 An action verb is considered
regular if its past form is
derived by adding D or ED.
 Example; The past form of walk
is walked.
BASED FORM PAST FORM
 Pay • Paid
 Put • Put
 Say • Said
 Write • Wrote
LINKING VERB
Linking Verb Copula
 The copula is defined by Celce –
Murcia as the link between the
subject and non verbal predicates
(nouns and some adverb).
LINKING VERB
Linking Verb Copula

 The copula also carries the tense
and would determine subject –
verb agreement.
LINKING VERB
Linking Verb Copula
 Examples:
• She is beautiful
–-- SHE is a pronoun, and
BEAUTIFUL is an adjective.
LINKING VERB
Linking Verb Copula
 Examples:
• She is beautiful
–--SHE is singular, that is why we
use “IS”.
LINKING VERB AS:
1. PERCEPTION COPULAS
 These are verbs that express no
action, but at the same time, are
not the conventional (is, are, was,
were).
LINKING VERB AS:
1. PERCEPTION COPULAS
 They are perceived through
senses (mental or sensory).
EXAMPLES OF PERCEPTUAL
COPULA
 Appear
 Smell
 Seem
 Sound
 Feel
 Taste
 Look
LINKING VERB AS:
2. STATE COPULAS
 These are linking verb that do not
express instant locomotion or
movement.
EXAMPLES OF STATE COPULAS
 Turn
 Come
 Get
 Fall
 Go
 Grow
 Become
AUXILIARY VERB
 It also called helping verbs
because they always appear with
another verb in a sentence.
AUXILIARY VERB
 Linking verb such as is, was, were
are considered auxiliary verbs if
they appear together with a
verb in ordinary or progressive
forms.
AUXILIARY VERB
 Other helping verbs are has, have,
had.
 Example:
 She has taken a bath already.
--- A verb “has” function as an
auxiliary.
EMPHATIC VERBS
 These are used to give certain
emphasis. These (are) verbs are
do, does, and did.
EMPHATIC VERBS
 Do is used for plural subjects in the
present tense. Does is used for
singular subject in the present
tense. Did is used for both plural
and singular in the past tense.
EMPHATIC VERBS
 Example:
 She did not drink her milk.
----- Did is used as an emphatic
verb.
MODALS
 According to Celec – Murcia,
modals are helping verbs that
are used to give a proposition.
MODALS
 It is a degree of probability, to
express one’s attitude, and to perform
various social functions such as
expressing politeness or indirectness
when making a request, giving advice,
or granting permission.
ADVERBS
 Modify verbs, adjectives, or
another adverb.
ADVERB AS A MANNER
 This answers the question how a

thing is done.
ADVERB AS A MANNER
 Example:
 He did the job poorly.
 Question: How did he do his
job?
 Answer: Poorly
ADVERB OF TIME
 This answers the question when

the action happened.
ADVERB OF TIME
 Example:
 He will go there tomorrow.
 Question: When he will go
there?
 Answer: Tomorrow
ADVERB OF FREQUENCY
 This answer the question how

often.
ADVERB OF FREQUENCY
 Example:
 She is there every week.
 Question: How often?
 Answer: Every week
PREPOSITION
 A preposition links word within a
sentence. It also states how to
separate things are related.
PREPOSITION
 A preposition may indicate
location, direction, position or
cause.
COMMON PREPOSITION
 In front of  After
 About  During
 At  Inside
 Beneath  Across
 In regard to  Around
 Above  By
CONJUNCTION
 If preposition link words within a
sentence, conjunctions relate or
join words into single unit.
COORDINATE
CONJUNCTIONS
 Connect words or group of
words.
 Example: Either or, Neither nor
SUBORDINATE
CONJUNCTIONS
 Connect two complete ideas to make
one dependent to the other.
 Example: In as much as, whenever,
unless
INTERJECTION
 These are words that express
strong feeling or emotions.
 Example:
 Ouch, aha, alas, oh, hurray
1. Collective Nouns
 These nouns can either take a
singular or plural verb depending
on how they are used in the
sentence.
1. Collective Nouns
 Example:
 Our debate team has won the
competition.
 Our debate team have won all
their battles.
2. Noun ending in-s and ies
 Nouns of this nature take a
singular verb if the word “pair”
is present. If not, they take
plural verb.
 Example:
 A pair of scissors is on the table.
 The scissors are on the table.
 “A number” and “the number”
 Sentences beginning with the phrase
“a number” always take a plural
number, while sentences that begin
with “the number’’ take a singular
verb.
 Example:
 A number of students have been
expelled.
 The number of students being
expelled is rising.“
3. Fraction and Percent
 Nouns and percent and in fraction
take a singular verb if it is paired
with a noun – count noun, and vice
versa.
3. Fraction and Percent
 Example:
 50% of the Earth’s water is still
safe for drinking.
 One-third of the students were
expelled.
4. Compound Nouns
 Compound subjects joined by a
conjunction take plural verbs.
 Example:
 Paul and Robin are brothers.
THANK YOU!

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GRAMMAR

• Big  Bigger  Biggest

Linking Verb Copula

 This answers the question how a

 This answers the question when

 This answer the question how

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