Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
11 views

Control Chapter 2 - Lecture 2

The document discusses automatic control theory and block diagrams. It defines block diagrams as a pictorial representation of input-output relationships in a system. It describes different block diagram elements like summing points, takeoff points, and gains. It provides examples of drawing block diagrams from equations. It also discusses techniques for reducing complicated block diagrams to their canonical form through operations like combining blocks in series and parallel, moving summing points, and eliminating feedback loops. An example demonstrates applying these techniques to systematically reduce a multi-loop system. The document emphasizes that block diagrams provide a simplified way to represent systems and their transfer functions.

Uploaded by

3re0ooo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

Control Chapter 2 - Lecture 2

The document discusses automatic control theory and block diagrams. It defines block diagrams as a pictorial representation of input-output relationships in a system. It describes different block diagram elements like summing points, takeoff points, and gains. It provides examples of drawing block diagrams from equations. It also discusses techniques for reducing complicated block diagrams to their canonical form through operations like combining blocks in series and parallel, moving summing points, and eliminating feedback loops. An example demonstrates applying these techniques to systematically reduce a multi-loop system. The document emphasizes that block diagrams provide a simplified way to represent systems and their transfer functions.

Uploaded by

3re0ooo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

Automatic Control Theory

Dr. Abdel Gayed Fathy Mohamed


Block Diagram
Introduction
A Block Diagram is a shorthand pictorial representation
of the cause-and-effect (i/p & o/p) relationship of a
system.

The interior of the rectangle representing the block


usually contains a description of or the name of the
element, or the symbol for the mathematical operation to
be performed on the input to yield the output.

The arrows represent the direction of information or


signal flow.
d y
x dt
3
Summing Point
 The operations of addition and subtraction have a special
representation.

 The block becomes a small circle, called a summing point,


with the appropriate plus or minus sign associated with the
arrows entering the circle.

 The output is the algebraic sum of the inputs.

 Any number of inputs may enter a summing point.

 Some books put a cross in the circle.

4
Takeoff Point (Node)
In order to have the same signal or variable be an
input to more than one block or summing point, a
Takeoff Point (Node) is used.

This permits the signal to proceed unaltered along


several different paths to several destinations.

5
Example :-
 Consider the following equations in which x1, x2, x3, are
variables, and a1, a2 are general coefficients or mathematical
operators called Gains.
x3  a1 x1  a 2 x2  5

6
Example:-
 Consider the following equations in which x1, x2, x3, are
variables, and a1, a2 are general coefficients or mathematical
operators called Gains.
x3  a1 x1  a 2 x2  5

7
Example -2
 Draw the Block Diagrams of the following equations.

dx1 1
(1) x2  a1   x1dt
dt b
d 2 x2 dx1
( 2) x3  a1 3  bx1
dt 2 dt

8
Canonical Form of A Feedback Control System

9
Characteristic Equation
• The control ratio is the closed loop transfer function of the
system.
C( s ) G( s )

R( s ) 1  G( s ) H ( s )

• The denominator of closed loop transfer function determines the


characteristic equation of the system.

• Which is usually determined as:

1  G( s ) H ( s )  0
10
Reduction of Complicated Block Diagrams
The block diagram of a practical control system is often
quite complicated.

It may include several feedback or feedforward loops,


and multiple inputs.

By means of systematic block diagram reduction, every


multiple loop linear feedback system may be reduced to
canonical form.

11
Reduction Techniques
1. Combining blocks in cascade

G1 G2 G1G2

2. Combining blocks in parallel (Feed Forward)

G1
G1  G2
G2
12
Reduction Techniques
3. Moving a summing point behind a block

G G
G

4. Moving a summing point ahead of a block

G G
1
G

13
Reduction Techniques
5. Moving a pickoff point behind a block

G G
1
G

6. Moving a pickoff point ahead of a block

G G
G

14
7. Eliminating a feedback loop
G
G
1 GH
H

G
G
1 G

H 1

8. Swap with two neighboring summing points

A B B A

15
Example -: Reduce the Following Block Diagram

• Combine all cascade block using rule-1

• Combine all parallel block using rule-2

16
Example : Continued

𝐺 2+ 𝐺3
𝐺1 𝐺 4

17
Example -: Continued
• Eliminate all minor feedback loops using rule-7

• After the elimination of minor feedback loop the block diagram is reduced to

• Again blocks are in cascade are removed using rule-1

18
Example -4: Continued

H2

R _ C
+_ + G1 + G2 G3
+

H1

19
Example -4: Continued
H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1 G2 G3
+

H1

20
Example -4: Continued
H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1G2 G3
+

H1

21
Example -4: Continued
H2
G1
R _ C
+_ + + G1G2 G3
+

H1

22
Example -4: Continued
H2
G1
R _ G1G2 C
+_ + G3
1  G1G2 H1

23
Example -4: Continued
H2
G1
R _ G1G2G3 C
+_ +
1  G1G2 H1

24
Example -4: Continued

R G1G2G3 C
+_ 1  G1G2 H1  G2G3 H 2

25
Example-5: Multiple Input System.
Determine the output C due to inputs R and U using the Superposition Method.

26
Example-5: Continued

27
Example-5: Continued

28

You might also like