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Lecture 2 Cell Structure and Function

Allows direct cell-to-cell communication and coordination

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NIMRAH
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20 views

Lecture 2 Cell Structure and Function

Allows direct cell-to-cell communication and coordination

Uploaded by

NIMRAH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EUKARYOTIC

CELL
STRUCTURE
THE CELL
 ESSENTIAL to the study of biology
 Simplest form of life
THE CELL THEORY
1. All living things are composed of cell(s).
2. Cells are the structural & functional units in
living organisms.
3. Cells come from other living cells.
MICROSCOPES
THE DISCOVERY OF CELLS CORRESPONDS
WITH THE ADVANCEMENT OF
TECHNOLOGY

Simplest light microscope was invented by


Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the 1600s
(observed & drew “animalcules”
MICROSCOPES
1. Light microscope
• Visible light is passed through the specimen and
then through glass lenses
• 2. Electron microscope
• Focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen/
cannot be used to observe living cells.
• Transmission EM:
• Used mainly to study the internal structure of cells
• 2D image
• Highest magnification (200,000 x)
• Scanning EM:
• Used mainly for detailed study of the surface of a
specimen
• 3D image (100,000 x)
TEM & SEM
PROKARYOTIC VS.
EUKARYOTIC
Cells
Prokaryote
 No Nucleus
 Bacteria
 DNA is concentrated in
nucleoid (non
membrane- bound)
Eukaryote
 “true” “nucleus”
 Protists, plants, fungi,
animals
 Nucleus with nuclear
membrane holds
DNA
CELLULAR
ORGANELLES

Nucleus:
• “control center” of the cell
• Surrounded by a nuclear
envelope
• Contains DNA
CELLULAR
ORGANELLES

Ribosomes
• Site of protein assembly
• Free and bound ribosomes
 Free: float through cytoplasm (make proteins for
use inside that cell)
 Bound: attached to Rough ER (make
proteins to be transported out of the cell)
CELLULAR
ORGANELLES
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Made up of membranous tubules and
cisternae (sacs)
Smooth ER: NO ribosomes attached
• Synthesis and transport of lipids
• glucose and glycogen conversion
• Detoxification
• Stores calcium
Rough ER: ribosomes attached
• Synthesis & transport of proteins
Endomembrane System

 Smooth and
Rough ER
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

Golgi Apparatus:
Products of the ER are
modified and stored here
ENDOMEMBRANE
SYSTEM
Lysosomes:
Used by cells to digest macromolecules
Sac of hydrolytic enzymes
Usually found only in animal cells
ENDOMEMBRANE
SYSTEM

Vacuoles:
 Food vacuoles
 Contractile vacuoles
 Central vacuole
ENDOMEMBRANE
SYSTEM
Peroxisomes:
Contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from
various substances to oxygen, producing H2O2
as a byproduct
ENERGY-RELATED
ORGANELLES
Mitochondria
• Site of cellular respiration (Energy from the breakdown of
organic molecules is used to phosphorylate ADP to
produce ATP)
• More metabolic activity = more mitochondria
Mitochondrial Structure:
• Outer membrane
• Inner membrane:
• Cristae = large surface area makes more
efficient at producing energy
• Intermembrane space
• Mitochondrial matrix
ENERGY-RELATED
ORGANELLES

Chloroplasts:
 Found in plants and eukaryotic algae
 Site of photosynthesis
 Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
Chloroplast Structure
 Thylakoids
• Grana = stacks of thylakoids
• (Light Dependent Phase)
 Stroma
• Fluid outside the thylakoids
• (Calvin Cycle)
CYTOSKELETON & RELATED ORGANELLES
Cytoskeleton
 Maintains shape of cell
 Made of three types of protein
fibers:
Microtubules, microfilaments, &
intermediate filaments
CYTOSKELETON & RELATED
ORGANELLES

Components of Cytoskeleton:
• Microtubules – 25 nm diameter
• Intermediate Filaments – 8 – 12 nm diameter
• Microfilaments – 7 nm diameter
• Microtubules-Hollow Tubes
• Made up of A- and B- tubulin
• Responsible for:
• Cell motility
• cilia/flagella
• Chromosome movements (mitosis)
• centrioles
• Movement of organelles
• Maintenance of cell shape
Intermediate Filaments
 Made up of fibrous proteins
 Made up of keratin
 Responsible for:
 Structural support
 Maintenance of cell shape
 Anchors nucleus & certain organelles
Microfilaments
 Made up of 2 intertwined strands of actins
 Responsible for:
• Muscle contraction
• Cytoplasmic streaming
• Cell motility (pseudopodia)
• Cell division (cleavage furrow)
• Maintenance of/changes in cell shape
CENTRIOL
ES
 Only found in animal
cells
 Visible only during cell
division
 9+3 arrangement of
microtubules
 May give rise to cilia &
flagella
 May be involved in
formation of spindle
fibers in animal cells, but
not plants!
FLAGELLA AND
CILIA
microtubule
 Structures for cell
motility
 Flagella (long & few in #)
 Cilia (short & numerous)
 9 + 2 internal structure
 Basal body has 9+0
structure like centrioles
dynein
Cell Wall
• Found only in plant cells
• Protects the cell
• Maintains cell shape
• Prevents excessive uptake of water
• Holds plant up against gravity
• Primary Cell Wall-thin; cellulose
• Secondary Cell Wall- thicker;
found in woody plants
CELLULAR
ORGANELLES
Extracellular Matrix:
• Found in animal cells
• Made up of glycoproteins
(collagen) & proteoglycans
• Provides support and
anchorage for cells
• Differs from one cell
type to another
INTERCELLULAR
•
JUNCTIONS
Neighboring cells are connected to one
another
• Plant cells: Plasmodesmata:
Channels in the cell wall
through which strands ofcytoplasm pass
through and
connect the living contents of
adjacent cells
INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS
(ANIMAL CELLS)

Tight junctions- membrane proteins interlock


Desmosomes, (anchoring junction)-
intermediate filaments “sew” membranes together
Gap junctions- channels align allowing materials to
flow between cells
INTERCELLULAR
JUNCTIONS
Tight junctions:
• Membranes of
neighboring cells are
fused
• Form a continuous
“belt” around a cell
• Example: junction
between epidermis of
the skin[
INTERCELLULAR
JUNCTIONS
Desmosomes
• Anchoring junctions
• Act as rivets
• Muscle cells are held
together by desmosomes.

• What happens when a


muscle is torn?
INTERCELLULAR
Gap junctions JUNCTIONS
• Communicating junctions
• Cytoplasmic channels
between adjacent cells
• Salts, sugars, AAs, etc.
can pass through

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