Vomiting
Vomiting
Vomiting
Vomiting
NAUSEA
subjective feeling of
vomiting
(unpleasant sensation of
impending vomiting)
vomiting
Oral expulsion of gastrointestinal
contents due to contractions of
GUT and thoraco abdominal wall
musculature
EARLY SATIETY
Sensation of gastric fullness before a meal is
completed
REGURGITATION
Effortless return of gastroesophageal
contents into the mouth
CAUSES OF VOMITING
SITE OF TRIGGER – NEUROLOGICAL
MECHANISM
chemical agents directly stimulate voitin g centre and chemoreceptor trigger
zone leading to stimulation of vagal nuclei
stimulation of cns structures via diseases such as infections/brain tumours that
Vomiting
act on vagal pathways
Example
migraine,cns infections,vestibular nerve lesions,toxins
SITE OF TRIGGER – PERIPHERAL
MECHANISM
stimulation of vagal and spinal afferent nerves by diseasesin peripheral organ
systems
Local dysfunction in periphearal organ systems that is sensed as nausea,which
may eventually evoke vomiting
Circulationg humoral factors from inflammatory or malignant conditions
Example
GI Mucosal inflammation, GI infections, GI obstruction
Pain including cardiac,abdominal or peripheral pain
Autoimmune disease,cancer
VOMITING-Mechanism
VOMITING
Direct stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone- blood
Oral expulsion of gastrointestinal
borne emetic substances ex;opioids,chemotherapy
contents
Stimulation of thedue to contractions
vestibulocochlear ofthethe
cranial nerve from
vestibular system of the inner ear – motion sickess,infection
GUT and
Direct stimulation of the vomiting centre from sensory input
thoraco–abdominal
or higher wall
cortical centres - sensory input;nauseating
smells,sights,pai n,higher cortical
musculature.
centres,memory,anticipation,fear
DRUGS : NSAIDS,Chemotherapeutic
Agents,digoxin,antibiotics,theophylline
SYSTEMIC ILLNESS
SEPSIS,MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION,RENAL FAILURE,ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCE
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM : HEAD TRAUMA,RAISED
ICP,EPILEPSY,STROKE,MENINGITIS,MOTION SICKNESS
ENDOCRINE DISORDERS : DIABETES,ADDISON’S
DISEASE,THYROTOXICOSIS
PSYCHOGENIC VOMITING
Clinical History
1. Onset
Acute onset Chronic onset
Partial Mechanical Obstruction
Infections
Motility Disorders
Drugs
Endocrinopathy
Toxins
Metabolic Disorders
head trauma
Brain Tumour
visceral pain
Psychogenic Cause
2. Relation to meals
Uremia
Alcoholism