The document discusses four key factors that must be considered when attempting to forecast soil erosion rates: vegetation, soil type, slope size and inclination, and frequency and intensity of rainfall. Vegetation helps intercept raindrops and plant roots bind soil, reducing erosion. Soil texture influences erodibility, with intermediate textures being most erodible. Steeper, longer slopes generate more runoff and higher velocities, increasing erosion. More intense rainfalls like thunderstorms promote higher erosion rates.
The document discusses four key factors that must be considered when attempting to forecast soil erosion rates: vegetation, soil type, slope size and inclination, and frequency and intensity of rainfall. Vegetation helps intercept raindrops and plant roots bind soil, reducing erosion. Soil texture influences erodibility, with intermediate textures being most erodible. Steeper, longer slopes generate more runoff and higher velocities, increasing erosion. More intense rainfalls like thunderstorms promote higher erosion rates.
The document discusses four key factors that must be considered when attempting to forecast soil erosion rates: vegetation, soil type, slope size and inclination, and frequency and intensity of rainfall. Vegetation helps intercept raindrops and plant roots bind soil, reducing erosion. Soil texture influences erodibility, with intermediate textures being most erodible. Steeper, longer slopes generate more runoff and higher velocities, increasing erosion. More intense rainfalls like thunderstorms promote higher erosion rates.
The document discusses four key factors that must be considered when attempting to forecast soil erosion rates: vegetation, soil type, slope size and inclination, and frequency and intensity of rainfall. Vegetation helps intercept raindrops and plant roots bind soil, reducing erosion. Soil texture influences erodibility, with intermediate textures being most erodible. Steeper, longer slopes generate more runoff and higher velocities, increasing erosion. More intense rainfalls like thunderstorms promote higher erosion rates.
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SITE ANALYSIS: NATURAL
FACTORS GEOMORPHOLOGY CONTINUATION PART-2 Site analysis • Involves the study of the site in terms of the following: A. NATURAL FACTORS • 1.Geology –earths composition • 2.Geomorphology- physiography,landforms,soils,drainage,topography and slopes, soil erosion • 3.Hydrology-surface and ground water • 4.Vegetation-plant ecology • 5.Wildlife-habitats • 6.Climate-solar orientation, wind and humidity NAMRIA is mandated to provide the public with mapmaking services and to act as the central mapping agency, depository, and distribution facility for natural resources data in the form of maps, charts, texts, and statistics. basic geomorphologic information:
4. SOIL EROSION • Soil erosion- when rocks are broken down( weathered) into small fragments, and carried by wind, water ice and gravity. • Energy for this process is solar & gravitational • At least four factors must be taken into account in any attempt to forecast erosion rates. Soil erosion Soil erosion Soil erosion Soil erosion Soil erosion 4 factors taken into account in any 1.Vegetation attempt to forecast erosion rates.
On most surfaces, vegetation appears to be the
most important single control on soil erosion. • Foliage helps intercepts raindrops, reducing the force at which they strike the soil surface. • Organic litter on the ground reduces the impact of raindrops, and plant roots bind together aggregates of soil particles increasing the soil’s resistance to the force of running water. • The one feature of vegetation that appears to the have the greatest influence on erosion is cover density. The heavier the cover, either in form of ground cover or tree canopy, the lower the soil loss to runoff. Foliage- the leaves of a plant, collectively; leafage. 4 factors taken into account in any 2. Soil type attempt to forecast erosion rates.
• If running water is applied to soils of different
textures, sand will usually yield ( erode) first. In order to erode clay, the velocity of the run off would have to be increased to create sufficient stress to overcome cohesive forces that bind the particles together. water run off/rain
• Similarly high velocities would also be needed
to move pebbles and large particles because their masses are so much greater than the those of sand particles. 4 factors taken into account in any 2. Soil type attempt to forecast erosion rates.
In considering the role of soil type in soil
erosion problems, it appears that intermediate textures tend to most erodible, whereas clay and particles coarser than sand are measurably more resistant. Other characteristics such as compactness & structure, also influence erodibility. But in general, texture can be taken as the leading soil parameter in assessing the potential for soil erosion 4 factors taken into account in any 3. Slope size and inclination attempt to forecast erosion rates. • The velocity that runoff is able to attain is closely related to the slope of the ground over which it flows. in addition, slope also influences the quantity of runoff in as much as long slopes collect more rainfall and thus generate a large volume of runoff. • In general, then, slopes that are both steep and long tend to produce the greatest erosion bec. They generate runoff that is high in velocity in mass. But this is true only for slopes up to about 50 degrees, bec. at steeper angles, the exposure of the slope face to rainfall grows rapidly smaller, vanishing altogether for vertical cliffs. 4 factors taken into account in any 4. Frequency and intensity of fall attempt to forecast erosion rates.
• Tests show the intensive rainfalls such
as those produced by thunderstorms promote the highest rates of erosion. Accordingly, the incidence of such storms together with the total annual rainfall can be taken as reliable measure of the effectiveness of rainfall in promoting soil erosion. • In the U.S, the Soil Conservative Service has translated this into a rainfall erosion index that represents the erosive energy delivered to the soil annually by rainfall. Site analysis • Involves the study of the site in terms of the following: A. NATURAL FACTORS • 1.Geology –earths composition • 2.Geomorphology- physiography,landforms,soils,drainage,topography and slopes, soil erosion • 3.Hydrology-surface and ground water • 4.Vegetation-plant ecology • 5.Wildlife-habitats • 6.Climate-solar orientation, wind and humidity A. NATURAL FACTORS 3. HYDROLOGY • Hydrology- the natural science that studies the waters of the earth, their occurrence, circulation and distribution, their chemical and physical properties, and their reaction to the living environment including their relation to all living things. Hydrologic cycle- or the planet's water cycle. Described by the movement of water form the continents and back to the sea Water table- is the upper boundary line of the zone of ground water, the top of unconfined aquifer Aquifer- a permeable geological stratum or formation that can both store and transmit groundwater in significant qualities Watershed- a geographic area of land bounded by topographic features and height of land that captures precipitation, filters and stores water and drains waters to a shared destination. Knowledge of watershed boundaries is critical to water quality and storm water management DENR-Department of Environment and Natural Resources PENRO -Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office City Environment & Natural Resources Office (CENRO)
