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Module 1

This document discusses key concepts related to force systems including: 1. Idealizations such as treating objects as particles, continua, and rigid bodies. 2. Characteristics of different force systems such as coplanar, concurrent, and parallel forces. 3. Principles including the physical independence of forces, superposition of forces, and transmissibility. 4. Laws for analyzing forces including the parallelogram law, triangle law, polygonal law, and Varignon's theorem relating the moment of a force to the sum of the moments of its components.

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13 views

Module 1

This document discusses key concepts related to force systems including: 1. Idealizations such as treating objects as particles, continua, and rigid bodies. 2. Characteristics of different force systems such as coplanar, concurrent, and parallel forces. 3. Principles including the physical independence of forces, superposition of forces, and transmissibility. 4. Laws for analyzing forces including the parallelogram law, triangle law, polygonal law, and Varignon's theorem relating the moment of a force to the sum of the moments of its components.

Uploaded by

prashanth.kavhari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 1

FORCE SYSTEMS

By
Dr. Roshita David
CONCEPT OF IDEALIZATION

• The following basic idealizations are made in engineering mechanics


1. Particle
2. Continuum
3. Rigid body
4. Point force
• A particle may be defined as an object which has only mass but no size. For
example in the study of movement of earth in the celestial sphere, earth is
treated as a particle
• A body consists of several particles. It is assumed to consist of a continuous
distribution of matter i.e. it is treated as continuum.
• A rigid body is defined as a body in which the relative positions of any two
particles do not change under the action of forces.
• In point force contact area is ignored compared to other dimensions involved in
the problem.
SYSTEM OF FORCES

• When several forces act simultaneously on a body, they constitute a system of


forces.
• If all the forces in a system do not lie in a single plane, they constitute the
system of forces in space.
• If all the forces in a system lie in a single plane, it is termed as coplanar force
system.
• If the line of action of all the forces in a system pass through a single point it is
called concurrent force system.
• In a system of parallel forces all the forces are parallel to each other
• If the line of action of all the forces lie in a single line, it is called collinear
force system.
PRINCIPAL OF PHYSICAL
INDEPENDENCE OF FORCES

• It states that the action of a force on a body is not


affected by the action of any other force on the
body.
PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION OF
FORCES

• When several charges interact, the total force on a particular charge is the
vector sum of the forces exerted on it by all other charges, according to the
principle of superposition of forces. Other charges have no effect on the force
between two charges.

• In other words, it is assumed that the resultant force of an ensemble of forces is


the vectorial sum of these forces, implying that the individual forces do not
interact with one another except through the entire system.
PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSIBILITY

• The principle of transmissibility states that the point of application of a force


can be moved anywhere along its line of action without changing the external
reaction forces on a rigid body.
• Any force that has the same magnitude and direction, and which has a point of
application somewhere along the same line of action will cause the same
acceleration and will result in the same moment.
• Therefore, the points of application of forces may be moved along the line of
action to simplify the analysis of rigid bodies.
LAW OF PARALLELOGRAM OF FORCES

• If two forces acting at a point are represented both in


magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram then their resultant is represented by the
diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from the same point.
TRIANGLE LAW OF FORCES

• It states that if two concurrent forces are acting simultaneously on a body and
are represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a triangle taken in
order, then the third side of the triangle represents their resultant of the forces
in magnitude and direction taken in opposite order.
POLYGONAL LAW

• It states that if number of coplanar concurrent forces acting simultaneously on


a body be represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a polygon
taken in order, then the closing side of the polygon will represent force in
magnitude and direction, taken in opposite order.
• Let us consider a body in which four coplanar forces are acting as sown in
figure. The resultant can be found bot graphically and analytically.
MOMENT OF FORCES

• The Moment of a force is a measure of its tendency to cause a body to rotate


about a specific point or axis. This is different from the tendency for a body to
move, or translate, in the direction of the force.
• In order for a moment to develop, the force must act upon the body in such a
manner that the body would begin to twist.
• This occurs every time a force is applied so that it does not pass through the
centroid of the body. A moment is due to a force not having an equal and
opposite force directly along it's line of action.
• The magnitude of the moment of a force acting about a point or axis is directly
proportional to the distance of the force from the point or axis. It is defined as
the product of the force (F) and the moment arm (d). The moment arm or lever
arm is the perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force and the
center of moments.
• Moment = Force x Distance or M = (F)(d)
COUPLE

• Two parallel forces equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, separated by


a definite distance are said to form a couple.
• The sum of the forces forming a couple in any direction is zero, which means
the translatory effect of the couple is zero.
• Characteristics
1. A couple consists of a pair of equal and opposite parallel forces which are
separated by a definite distance.
2. The translatory effect of a couple on the body is zero.
3. The rotational effect of a couple about any point is a constant and it is equal to
the product of the magnitude of the forces and the perpendicular distance
between the two forces
VARIGNON’S THEOREM

• The Principle of Moments, also known as Varignon's Theorem, states that the
moment of any force is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of the
components of that force.
• let R be the resultant of forces of F1 and F2 and B the moment centre. Let d, d1
and d2 be the moment arms of the forces, R, F1 and F2, respectively from the
moment centre B. Then in this case, we have to prove
• Rd =F1 d1 + F2 d2
• Join AB and consider it as y axis and draw x axis at right angles to it at A .
Denoting by θ the angle that R makes with x axis and noting that the same
angle is formed by perpendicular to R at B with AB1, we can write

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