Capacity Design

CAPACITY DESIGN
CAPACITY DESIGN
‘‘Design method in which elements of the

structural system are chosen and suitably
designed and detailed for energy dissipation
under severe deformations while all other
structural elements are provided with
sufficient strength so that the chosen means
of energy dissipation can be maintained’’.
CAPACITY DESIGN
• A dissipative structure is able to dissipate energy by
means of ductile hysteretic behavior at the dissipative
zones, which are the predetermined parts of a dissipative
structure.
• Capacity design has two major implications, one at the
member level, and the other at the system level.
• Member level Flexural failure mode is ensured by
suppressing shear failure (capacity shear principle in
beams, columns, walls and connections).
• System level The spreading of plastic regions that undergo
flexural yielding follows a hierarchy for obtaining a more
ductile system response (strong column–weak beam
principle at the connections).
Ductility
• Actual forces that appear on structures are much higher than
the design force that specified in the code.
• It is recognized that the complete protection of building is
economically not feasible.
• The basic approach of earthquake resistant design is based
upon lateral strength, deformability and ductility capacity of
structure.
• Ductility in the structure will arise from inelastic material
behavior and detailing of reinforcement in such a manner that
brittle failure is avoided and ductile behavior is induced by
allowing steel to yield in controlled manner.
• The primary task of design engineer is is to ensure that
building will posses enough ductility to withstand the size and
type of earthquake.
IMPACT OF Ductility
• Consider a Single degree of freedom system.
• When the ground displaces, if the connection is so rigid the
weight will experience same large force as compared to
ground force
• In case of flexible connection, it will bend and or deform and
the weight will subjected to lesser force because some energy
will be consumed to displace the system.
• Thus ductility is important attribute in earthquake resistant
structure that serves as a shock absorber and reduces the
transmitted force to the structure.
REQUIREMENT OF Ductility
• In order to achieve a ductility we must give stress on two key
areas during the design process.
• First the overall design concept for building configuration

must me sound.
• Second individual members must be designed for ductility and

connection needs special care.
ASSESSMENT OF Ductility
• Ductility is the capability of a material, structural component,
or the entire structure to undergo deformation after its initial
yield without any significant reduction in yield strength.
• Ductility is general measured in terms of ductility ratio or

ductility factor, which is the ratio of the maximum
deformation that a structure or element can undergo without
loss of initial yielding resistance to initial yield deformation
FACTORS AFFECTING DUCTILITY
• Ductility increases linearly with an increase in the shear

strength carried by concrete for small value of axial
compressive stress
• Ductility linearly reduces upto the point where axial
compressive stress becomes equal to the axial compressive
stress at balanced failure.
• With the increase of ultimate strain of concrete, the ductility
factor increases. Thus confining of concrete increases the
ductility appreciably.
• An increase in yield strength of steel with all other variables
constantly decreases ductility. The ductlity increases with
increase in concrete strength.
• The lateral reinforcement tend to improve ductility by

preventing shear failures, restraining the compression steel
against buckling.
• The lateral reinforcement in the form of closed stirrups is
effective in binding the compressive zone thereby confining
the concrete and increasing the ductility of section.
• Shear failure occurs at smaller deflection than the flexural
failures and hence absorbs much less energy. Members should
be designed and detailed by providing web reinforcement so
that their strength in shear exceeds strength in flexure.
Therefore ductility increases as the stirrups in the specimen
increases.
• Bond failures and anchorage failures are sudden and brittle.

Special attention must be given in details to prevent them from
occurring in structures, which must behave in ductile manner.
Ductility in Reinforced Concrete Materials
• Triaxial stress state in reinforced concrete members can be

provided with confinement reinforcement.
• When concrete is subjected to axial stress, passive lateral
pressure developed by the lateral tie reinforcement provides
significant increase in strength and enormous increase in the
strain capacity of concrete.
a. Hot rolled steel bar b. Cold worked reinforcing bar

• Strength and deformation capacities of concrete fibers in the

core region of columns increase with the amount of lateral
confinement reinforcement.
• Confinement is most effective in circular columns since lateral
pressure develops uniformly in all radial directions whereas a
rectangular tie is more effective at the corners.
Limitations on Tension Reinforcement
• The momentcurvature relationships of two beam sections with
identical lateral reinforcement and compression reinforcement
ratio that ensure flexural failure mode.
• The only difference is the ratio of tension reinforcement.
• It can be observed that ductility reduces with increase in
tension reinforcement, and 0.02 appears as a reasonable upper
limit for a ductile response.
Minimum Compression Reinforcement
• Compression reinforcement is known to be increasing the
ductility of a beam cross section significantly.
• Moment-curvature relations for beam sections with minimum
tension and lateral reinforcement, but with different
compression reinforcement ratios.
• It is evident that q0/q[0.5 is a reasonable lower limit to ensure
ductility.
Shear Design of Beams
• Shear failure is suppressed by calculating the design shear
force from flexural capacity, but not from analysis.
• Let us consider the free body diagram of a beam carrying
uniformly distributed gravity loading (g + q) along its span.
• When the earthquake moments act on the beam, we will
assume that both end-sections i and j reach their flexural
capacities (with strain hardening) under double flexure.
Shear Design of Beams
• The shear capacity of the beam section Vr is calculated

according to the relevant concrete design standards.
• Further, possible compression strut failure due to
overreinforcing in shear is prevented by the requirement.
Strong Column-Weak Beam
• Flexural plastic hinges inevitably form at the ends of frame
members under design ground motions.
• A plastic hinge formed on a beam is less critical than a plastic
hinge on a column or shear wall, because vertical members
may lose their stability under gravity loads when plastic
hinges form.
• Accordingly, plastic hinge hierarchy requires formation of
plastic hinges first on beams, then at the base of first story
columns.
• A plastic hinging hierarchy can be imposed in design by
proportioning the flexural capacities of beam and column ends
joining at a connection.
• This is called the strong column–weak beam principle.
• Strong column-weak beam principle leads to a ductile

collapse strategy under increasing lateral earthquake
forces.

Capacity Design

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CAPACITY DESIGN

‘‘Design method in which elements of the

• First the overall design concept for building configuration

• Second individual members must be designed for ductility and

• Ductility is general measured in terms of ductility ratio or

• Ductility increases linearly with an increase in the shear

• The lateral reinforcement tend to improve ductility by

• Bond failures and anchorage failures are sudden and brittle.

• Triaxial stress state in reinforced concrete members can be

a. Hot rolled steel bar b. Cold worked reinforcing bar

• Strength and deformation capacities of concrete fibers in the

• The shear capacity of the beam section Vr is calculated

• Strong column-weak beam principle leads to a ductile

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