Communication

Processes, Principle and

Ethics
 Lesson Objectives:

•• Define communication,
differentiate the elements, and
recall the process of communication.
•• Appreciates the importance
of communication and its process in
their daily communication needs.
•• Build your communication
process through the given
scenario/situation.

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Lesson one
Communication Processes, Principle and Ethics
Communication Processes, Principle
and Ethics
LESSON 1: The Communication Process
The Nature of Communication
QUESTIONS:
Do you believe that human are naturally social beings?
Do you feel an intense need to express our thoughts, feelings, aspirations, doubts, questions,
and fears?
Do you have the ability to communicate that makes you different from all other living things?

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 LET’S PLAY CHARADES

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 Charade Mechanics
Each round of the game proceeds as follows:
1. A player from Team A draws a phrase slip from CDO Ulam Burger Box.
2. After he/she has had a short time to review the slip, the timekeeper for team B
notes the time and tells the player to start.
3. Team A then has only ONE minute to guess the phrase. If they figure it out, the
timekeeper records how long it took.
4. If they do not figure it out in three minutes, the timekeeper announces that the
time is up, and records a time of three minutes.
5. A player from Team B draws a phrase slip from CDO Ulam Burger Box and play
proceeds as above.
6. Normally the game continues until every player has had a chance to "act out" a
phrase.
7. The score for each team is the total time that the team needed for all of the
rounds. The team with the smallest score wins the game.

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Introduction
 Communication is derived from
the Latin word “common,” which
means, “belonging to many” and
“communico”- to confer with
others.
 It is the mutual exchange of
information, ideas and
understanding by any effective
means.

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Communication is defined as the process of understanding and
sharing meaning (Pearson & Nelson, 2000).
The center of our study of communication is the relationship that involves
interaction between participants.

Question: What is the main emphasis of the

definition?
Process

We will examine in depth across this lesson, We will come to understand

and share another’s point of view effectively.
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First key word in this definition is process

A process is a dynamic activity that is hard to describe because it changes

(Pearson & Nelson, 2000).
Imagine you are alone in your kitchen thinking. Someone you know (say, your mother) enters the
kitchen and you talk briefly.

What has changed?

Now, imagine that your mother is joined by someone else, someone you haven’t met before—
and this stranger listens intently as you speak, almost as if you were giving a speech.

What has changed?

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Your perspective will change, and you watch your words more
closely.

The feedback or response from your mother and the stranger

(who are, in essence, your audience) may cause you to re-evaluate
what you are saying.

When we interact, all these factors—and many more—influence

the…..

Process of Communication.
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Second key word is understanding
“To understand is to perceive, to interpret, and to relate our perception and
interpretation to what we already know.” (McLean, 2003)
If a friend tells you a story about falling off a bike, what image comes to mind?
Now your friend points out the window and you see a motorcycle lying on the
ground.

Understanding the words and the

concepts or objects they refer to is an
important part of the communication
process.

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The third key word sharing.
Sharing means doing something together with one or more people.
You may share a joint activity, as when you share in compiling a
report; or you may benefit jointly from a resource, as when you and
several coworkers share a pizza.
In communication, sharing occurs when you convey thoughts,
feelings, ideas, or insights to others.
Q: Can a person share ideas with himself/herself?
Yes. You can also share with yourself (a process called intrapersonal
communication)
When you bring ideas to consciousness, ponder how you feel about something, or figure
out the solution to a problem and have a classic “Eureka!” moment when something
becomes clear.
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Finally, meaning is what we share through communication.

The word “bike” represents both a bicycle and a short name for a
motorcycle.

By looking at the context the word is used in and by asking questions, we can
discover the shared meaning of the word and understand the message.

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Q: Is Communication important to all of us?
How we can give and receive information and how we convey our
ideas and opinions with those around us.
In this day and time, where opportunities for communication is
rampant.
Through cellular phones, videos, computers and fax machines,
we can reach people from different places.
Evidently, communication is extremely important, that we have
to use it effectively.

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 What are the Different Elements of
Communication?
1. SENDER/ENCODER
• The sender is the idea-generating component in the
communication process.
The sender may want
•In human communication, the sender may be a person
or persons who create or formulate the message to be
to ask him/herself
sent to the receiver. Being the primary source of the questions like:
message, the sender is also termed the source. - What words will I
•In mass media, for example, a news reporter is the
use?
sender or source as he/she constructs the message
- Do I need signs or
(news story). In a musical performance, the singer is the pictures?
sender as his message is enjoyed by the audience.
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 What are the Different Elements of
Communication?
• The sender is a critical component in communication as his/her social background,
personality status, education, etc. influence the quality of the message he/she
creates. The message is created from the idea generated in the mind of the sender.
The idea generation process is called encoding.

• The source/sender has three functions:

1. To decide what is to be communicated.

2. Encoding (Put the idea in such a way that the receiver understands it)
3. Transmitting the message to the receiver.

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What are the Different Elements of
Communication?

2. Message
• The second element of the
communication process is the message or
the information that is being
communicated.
•The source encodes an idea and then
determines whether or not to inform,
persuade, or entertain. After deciding what
message to send, the source uses symbols
to get the message across to others.

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 What are the Different Elements of
Communication?
• In other words, The message is any verbal or non-verbal method that produces meaning in the mind of
the receiver.
• Simply, it is the meaning transferred from the sender’s mind to the receiver’s mind.
• This happens mainly in two ways: verbal and non-verbal methods.

• Verbal message
 The verbal message means written or oral messages. They are composed of words. Example: A
newspaper report or a lecture by a teacher.
 Non-verbal messages
 Non-verbal messages are those communicated through our behavior, movements, actions, clothes,
style of conversation, the pitch of the sound, etc.

 What is fundamental in message construction is the agreement between sender and receiver in the
code used for it. If the receiver cannot identify the language or meaning of the message, the
communication will be defective.
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 What are the Different Elements of
Communication?
3. CHANNEL
• The channel means the medium by which
the sender transmits the message to the
receiver.
•Our five senses hearing, touching, smelling,
tasting, and seeing are basic natural
channels of human communication.
•Communication can be classified on the
basis of five basic natural channels. They
are:
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What are the Different Elements of
Communication?
Tactile communication: Communication by touch or taste
Olfactory communication: communication by smell
Audio communication: Communication through sound waves
Visual communication: Communication through visual elements or properties.
We use any technology-developed medium (like television, newspaper, books, etc)
with the help of one or more of these five senses. Similarly, the sender uses one or
more channels to maximize the communication effect.
For example – the multi-media classroom where the teacher uses a projector,
blackboard, lecture, gestures, etc. simultaneously.
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 What are the Different Elements of
Communication?

4. Receiver or Decoder –
The Idea receiving end in the
communication process is called the
receiver. A person or thing may be at
the receiving end. The receiver’s role
is as important as the sender’s role.
As in the case of a sender, the
receiver has also three roles to play

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What are the Different Elements of
Communication?
• To receive the message
• To decode the message
The person (or persons) who attends to the source’s message is the receiver. The act of
interpreting messages is called decoding. Receivers decode messages based on past experiences,
perceptions, thoughts, and feelings. We receive messages through all our senses, but most often
we decode messages by listening or seeing.
We first have a physiological reception of stimuli (a noise causes sound waves to hit our eardrum
or a movement catches our eye). We then pay attention to both the verbal and nonverbal stimuli
and reduce all the stimuli bombarding us to one or two we can cope with more easily.

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What are the Different Elements of
Communication?
Next, we try to understand the stimuli and interpret them into messages (we
decide that the noise is a telephone bell or that the movement is a friend
waving to us across campus). Finally, we store this information for later use so
that next time we will be able to respond to the stimuli more quickly.
Noise
Noise or communication barrier is anything that distorts a message.
Noise may originate in any of the components of communication like source,
message, channel, context, receiver, etc.
Noise is present when there is a difference between the message sent and
received.
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What are the Different Elements of
Communication?
Communication is not possible without noise, but its effects may be reduced through various
methods such as using good grammar, clear voice, simple language, quality signal, etc.
Noise is of different types depending on the nature and reasons for the distortion
Those are:
Psychological noise: Any communication error due to psychological reasons. Eg. A fearful
audience can’t enjoy the musical program.
Semantic noise: Language-related problems in communication. Eg. Poor grammar, complex
sentence structure, rare vocabulary, etc.

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What are the Different Elements of
Communication?
Contextual noise: If communication takes place at an inappropriate time or place, the message
is not conveyed well. Eg. Wishing compliments during a funeral function. Or An outdoor
meeting at noon in a hot summer.
Channel noise: Medium-related communication barrier. Eg. Poor signal affects the picture
clarity of television.

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 What are the Different Elements of
Communication?
5.FEEDBACK –
Another element in the communication
process is feedback.
Each party in an interaction
continuously sends messages back to
the other.
This return process is called feedback.
Feedback tells the source how the
receiver has interpreted each message.
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What are the Different Elements of
Communication?
For example, if at the airport you ask your departing friend about his itinerary, and he replies
that he didn’t pack one, you know your message has not been understood. This kind of
feedback, which conveys a lack of understanding, is known as negative feedback. Positive
feedback, on the other hand, indicates that the receiver has understood the source’s message.
Feedback doesn’t have to come from others. We can and do get feedback from our own
messages. The fact that we can hear the words we speak and see the sentences we write
sometimes lets us correct our own mistakes.

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 What are the Different Elements of
Communication?
6. CONTEXT –
Communication takes place in a context.
At times it is noticeable and at other times not.
In other words, time, place, culture, physical and
social condition, and psychology of the participants
are important in determining the communication
effect.
If we try to interpret a message out of its context,
we may get an entirely different meaning which
may result in a communication error.
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What are the Different Elements of
Communication?
Rules and roles are two important factors related to communication context.
Rules are the norms we have to follow while communicating in different situations.
For example, our communication behavior is different when we are in the classroom, market, or
prayer hall, depending on the rules the situation demands
Roles are the character or part each participant in communication has to play.
For example, in a family communication situation, the father plays a leader’s role.
In the classroom, students play the receiver’s role.

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 What are the Different Elements of
Communication?
7. Effect
Why do we communicate? It is a fundamental question.
To make some effect on the receiver is the answer.
The effect is the consequence or result of communication.
Every communication act makes some effect on the person/s.
The effect may be positive or negative.
Communication is said to be successful when we achieve the intended effect.

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 What are the Different Elements of
Communication?
Communication effects are :
Cognitive effects: The consequences take place in the receiver’s intelligence due to
communication. Example: Knowledge acquisition
Affective effects: The consequences occurred in the emotions of the person/s due to
communication.
Eg. Compassion, love, etc.
Using these elements, let us have a graphical representation of the communication process.
graphical representation of the communication process is also called communication models.
While analyzing this model, we should keep in mind that.

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What are the Different Elements of
Communication?
Communication is a dynamic process involving different elements.
No element is static.
Some or all of these elements make communication possible. It is
not just for a communication act to have all these elements.
Elements of communication are interrelated.

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To Summarize:

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 Thank you
Prof. Cesar B. Mercado Jr.
secodacrem@gmail.com

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