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    Sampling

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    kumarianuradha125.ak

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    Sampling

    Uploaded by

    kumarianuradha125.ak
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    10 views22 pages

    Sampling

    Uploaded by

    kumarianuradha125.ak

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    Sampling

    Sampling technique
    The small group that is chosen for the study.
    Whole group is called population
    Importance of sampling
    • Blood and urine test etc
    • A few drop of water are tested whether it is drink able or not
    • Medicine is tested to the some people to find the efficiency of
    medicine.
    Objectives
    • Estimation of population parameter.
    • To test hypothesis
    • To minimize cost, time and resources
    • A population is any entire collection of people, animals, plants or things from
    which we may collect data. It is the entire group we are interested in, which we
    wish to describe or draw conclusions about.

    • Sample is a small group or proportion of a population selected using a suitable


    method so that it can be regarded as representative of the entire population.

    • The units of population which are going to be selected as a sample is called


    sampling units. It is denoted by n.

    • Sampling is the process of selecting units from a population of interest.

    For example
    • Pathologist often examines only some drops of blood,
    Why sampling is necessary
    1. To bring the population to a manageable number

    2. To reduce cost

    3. To help in minimizing error from the despondence


    (depression of spirits from loss of courage or hope)
    due to large number in the population

    4. Sampling helps the researcher to meetup with the


    challenge of time.
    SAMPLING DESIGN
    • A sampling design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from
    the sampling frame.

    • It refers to the technique or the procedure the researcher


    would adopt in selecting some sampling units from which the
    inference about the population is drawn.

    • Sampling design is determined before any data are collected.


    Types of sampling Design/Technique
    • Probability Sampling

    • Non-probability Sampling
    PROBABILITY SAMPLING DESIGN

    • Probability sampling is also known as “ Random Sampling” or


    “chance Sampling”.

    • Under of this sampling design, every item of the universe has


    an equal chance of inclusion in the sample.

    • The results obtained from probability or random sampling can


    be assured in terms of probability .
    TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
    DESIGN

    i. Simple random sampling


    ii. Stratified random sampling
    iii. Systematic random sampling
    iv. Cluster sampling
    v. Multi-stage sampling
    VI. Sequential sampling
    SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
    (when population is homogeneous)
    In this sampling, the units are selected in such a way that each and every
    unit of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

    The selection of an item depends on chance & not on the


    discretion( judgement) of the investigator.

    This method is suitable for a small homogenous population.

    A simple random sampling is generally selected in two ways


    1. Lottery Method
    STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING(when population is
    heterogeneous)
    If a population is heterogeneous with respect to the variables of
    characteristic under the study , this method is generally applied
    in order to obtain a representative sample.

    Under this sampling, the population is divided into various


    homogeneous groups or strata on the basis of certain
    characteristics so that various strata are non-overlapping.

    Then a simple random sampling technique is applied to select a


    sample from each stratum. These samples are then combined to
    Cont..

    • For e.g, to study reproductive behavior ethnic


    groups like one strata chhetri, Brahmin, gurung,
    magar, rai and so on . After that from each strata
    on ethnic group proportionate random sampling
    is drawn. From this precise & reliable
    information can be drawn.
    SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
    (list of the target population must be available)
    A systematic random sampling is such type of sampling in
    which only the first sampling unit is selected at random and
    remaining units are automatically selected at fixed equal
    intervals from one another.

    This method may be successfully used when the complete and


    up to date list of the sampling units is available.

    The items are first arranged in numerical, alphabetical or


    some other orders. Then they are numbers serially.
    Cont..
    • If the total number of items is N & the sample size is n. we
    divide N by n & find the sample interval. Thus K=N/n , where k
    is the sample interval.
    • The first item between 1 & k is selected at random by lottery
    method & every k item after that is selected in succession.

    • For e.g if we have to select 10 students out of 100 .We make


    random selection of the first student from the numbers 1 to 10
    & complete the sample by taking every 10th student after it.
    Suppose the number selected at random is 5. Then the sample
    will consist of the students numbered
    5,15,25,35,45,55,65,75,85,95.
    CLUSTER SAMPLING(when population is very large)
    A cluster random sampling is a method of random sampling in which the
    population is divided into groups, called cluster in such a way that the
    characteristics within the cluster are heterogeneous and between the cluster
    should be homogeneous so that the number of sampling units in each cluster
    should be appropriately same & then a simple random sampling of these clusters
    is selected. These individual clusters are representative of the population of the
    whole.
    For e.g . If a researchers’ team is attempting to identify, by sampling, the average
    number of household using safe drinking water in a large village, map divided the
    territory into blocks & then choose a certain number of blocks( clusters) for
    interviewing. Every household in each of these blocks would be interviewed.
    MULTISTAGE SAMPLING(MULTI-PHASE SAMPLING)
    (when population is very large)
    In this method, the sampling procedure is carried out in several stages.
    The population is first divided into large groups called first stage units. These first
    stage units are then divided into smaller groups, called second- stage units are
    divided into third –stage units & so on until we come to the ultimate units or a
    sample of desired size.

    For e.g. for a health survey of families in the villages of Nepal, a sample of zone
    may be taken first. From each of these selected zone, a sample of district is taken.
    Then a few villages are selected from each of the selected districts. Lastly, some
    families are selected from each of the selected villages.

    Nepal Demographic Health survey is conducted using this type of sampling design.
    SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING(when sample
    size is not fixed)
     The investigator initially selects small sample and
    tries to make inferences, if not able to draw results,
    he/she then adds subjects until clear-cut inferences
    can be drawn.
    NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING DESIGN

    Based on human choice rather than random selection.

    It is that sampling procedure which does not afford any basis for
    estimating the probability that each item in the population has of
    chance being included in the sample.

    In such sampling, personal element has a great chance of entering into
    the selection of the sample.
    • Convenience sampling:
    from somewhere convenient to researcher

    • Purposive sampling:
    according to the needs of the study

    • Quota sampling:
    Proportional to that in the population

    • Snowball Sampling:
    • when participants might be hard to find
    • Participants recruits other members
    SAMPLING ERROR

    • Sampling Error denotes a statistical error arising out of a certain sample


    selected being unrepresentative of the population of interest. In simple
    terms, it is an error which occurs when the sample selected does not
    contain the true characteristics, qualities or figures of the whole population.

    • The main reason behind sampling error is that the sampler draws various
    sampling units from the same population but, the units may have individual
    variances. Moreover, they can also arise out of defective sample design,
    faulty demarcation of units, wrong choice of statistic, substitution of
    sampling unit done by the enumerator for their convenience. Therefore, it is
    considered as the deviation between true mean value for the original
    sample and the population.

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