Programmable Logic Controller (PLC: UNIT-4

UNIT-4
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
1
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
CONTROLLER (PLC)
A PLC is a special form of microprocessor-based

controller that uses a memory to store instructions
and to implement functions such as logic,
sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic in order
to control machines and processes and are designed
to be operated by engineers with a limited
knowledge of computers and programing languages.
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PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
CONTROLLER (PLC)
PLC is,
 Robust in construction to withstand vibration,
temperature, humidity and noise
 It has input and output interfacing inside
Benefits:
 Adaptability to different control systems
 Ability to modify/rewrite program
 Flexible and cost effective
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PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER
(PLC)
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
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PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER
(PLC)
Processor unit: Consisting of microcontroller, it works according to
the instructions stored in memory unit. It interpret input signals and
carryout output actions.
Power supply: It is used to convert the 230V AC to DC Voltages of
5V and 24V required for the processing unit and other PLC
interfacing circuitry.
Programming device: It is used to write programs and transferred
into PLC.
Memory unit: A location where programs and input/output data are
stored.
Input and output modules: where the processor receives and
communicates data from external devices.
Communications interface: It is used to receive and transmit data on
communication networks from or to other remote PLCs
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PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC)
INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE
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 It consists of a central processing unit (CPU) containing the
system microprocessor, memory, and input/output circuitry.
 It is supplied with a clock with a frequency of typically

between 1 and 8 MHz.
 The information within the PLC is carried by means of

digital signals. The internal paths along which digital
signals flow are called buses.
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The following are the different buses through which a PLC communicates
the information.
1. Data bus: For sending data between the constituent elements.
2. Address bus: To send the addresses of locations for accessing stored

data.
3. Control bus: Fr signals relating to internal control actions.
4. System bus: For communications between the input/output ports and

the input/output unit.
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 The programs and data in RAM can be changed by the user.

All PLCs will have some amount of RAM to store programs.
 To prevent the loss of programs when the power supply is

switched off, a battery is used in the PLC to maintain the RAM
contents for a period of time.
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Opto-isolators / Opto Coupler
Opto coupler/Isolator provides electrical isolation and signal
conditioning functions to the input/output channels so that
sensors and actuators can be directly connected to them
without the need for other circuitry.
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Opto-isolators / Opto Coupler
When a digital pulse passes through the light-emitting diode, a pulse of

infrared radiation is produced. This pulse is detected by the
phototransistor and gives rise to a voltage in that circuit. The gap
between the light-emitting diode and the phototransistor gives electrical
isolation but the arrangement still allows for a digital pulse in one circuit
to give rise to a digital pulse in another circuit.
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Types of PLC outputs
There are three types of PLC outputs are available in market based
on the power supply of the connected device.
 Relay type
 Opto-isolater with tranistor
 Opto-isolater with traic
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Types of PLC outputs

Relay type: The signal from the PLC output is used to
operate a relay and is able to switch currents of the order
of a few amperes in an external circuit.
Relay outputs are suitable for AC and DC switching.
Transistor type: Uses a transistor to switch current

through the external Circuit.
It is strictly for DC Switching.
Triac Type: These outputs, with opto-isolators for

isolation, can be used to control external loads which are
connected to the AC power supply.
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It is strictly for AC Switching.
Types of PLC memories

There are two broad sections of PLC memory:
• Internal memory
• External memory
Internal memory:
It is the memory within the PLC. that is, the user accessible memory (RAM).
It is an integral part of each PLC.
Its functions are;
 Storing the user PLC program.
 Storing the status of inputs and outputs.
 Storing timer, counter, and register values
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Types of PLC memories

External memory:
It is the memory outside the PLC; that is, generally the EPROM or EEPROM.
It is an optional part of any PLC.
The functions of EEPROM are:

 Storing the user PLC program permanently
 Avoiding program loss in case of a power failure
 Allowing the user to transfer the altered PLC program using standard
programming devices.
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UNIT-4

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

A PLC is a special form of microprocessor-based

 Ability to modify/rewrite program

 Flexible and cost effective

 It is supplied with a clock with a frequency of typically

 The information within the PLC is carried by means of

1. Data bus: For sending data between the constituent elements.

2. Address bus: To send the addresses of locations for accessing stored

3. Control bus: Fr signals relating to internal control actions.

4. System bus: For communications between the input/output ports and

 The programs and data in RAM can be changed by the user.

 To prevent the loss of programs when the power supply is

Opto-isolators / Opto Coupler

Opto coupler/Isolator provides electrical isolation and signal

conditioning functions to the input/output channels so that

sensors and actuators can be directly connected to them

without the need for other circuitry.

Opto-isolators / Opto Coupler

When a digital pulse passes through the light-emitting diode, a pulse of

Types of PLC outputs

Types of PLC outputs

Transistor type: Uses a transistor to switch current

Triac Type: These outputs, with opto-isolators for

Types of PLC memories

Types of PLC memories

The functions of EEPROM are:

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