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Technical

The document discusses how digital image processing has evolved to become essential in medical applications like CT scans, MRIs, ultrasound, and PET scans. It outlines fundamental image processing steps and highlights challenges faced before digital techniques. Examples of key diagnostic tools are provided along with their working principles and medical uses.

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Arun K
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views

Technical

The document discusses how digital image processing has evolved to become essential in medical applications like CT scans, MRIs, ultrasound, and PET scans. It outlines fundamental image processing steps and highlights challenges faced before digital techniques. Examples of key diagnostic tools are provided along with their working principles and medical uses.

Uploaded by

Arun K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tontadarya College of Engineering, Gadag

Department of Electrical and Electronics


Engineering
Technical Seminar-18EES84
PPT on
“Digital Image Processing in Medical Applications”
Presented by

PRAVEEN KAMMAR 2TG21EE406

Under the guidance of


Prof. J. G Shivanagutti B.E., M. Tech.
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
TCE, Gadag
Date:15-04-2024
CONTENTS
 Introduction to DIP in Medical Applications
 Evolution of Diagnostic Tools
 Challenges Faced In Medical Healthcare Before DIP
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
 Introductions of Diagnostic Tools
 Five Use Cases of AI-Powered Medical Imaging
 Conclusion
 References
Introduction to DIP

"Image processing is the technique and process of creating visual


representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis
and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of
the function of some organs or tissues."
Evolution of Diagnostic Tools

 Early Years (1920s-1960s): Foundations laid for digital processing in medicine.

 Pivotal Moment (1970s): CT scans revolutionized medical imaging, using digital

processing for clearer images.


 Continuous Advancements (1980s-Present): Ongoing research improves techniques

like segmentation and noise reduction, enhancing diagnosis and treatment planning.
 Today: Digital image processing is essential across MRI, ultrasound, and PET scans,

empowering precise analysis and better patient outcomes.


 Future: Continued development promises even more breakthroughs in healthcare.
Challenges Faced Before DIP

 Manual Analysis: Time-consuming and prone to errors.

 Limited Precision: Missed subtle abnormalities.

 Storage and Retrieval: Difficulty managing large image volumes.

 Interpretation Variability: Inconsistencies in diagnosis.

 Delayed Reporting: Slow information delivery.

 Resource Intensive: High workforce demand.

 Risk of Misdiagnosis: Errors impacting patient outcomes.


Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
 Problem Domain: Define goals, constraints,  Compression: Reduce image size while
and requirements. preserving information.
 Image Acquisition: Capture or digitize  Morphological Processing: Analyze shape
images. and structure of objects.
 Image Enhancement: Adjust contrast,  Segmentation: Partition image into
brightness, etc. meaningful regions.
 Image Restoration: Remove noise, blur, or  Representation and Description: Describe
artifacts. image features for analysis.
 Color Image Processing: Handle and  Recognition: Identify and categorize objects
manipulate color information. or patterns.
 Wavelets: Analyze images in different  Output: Present results for interpretation or
frequency components. further processing.
Introductions of Diagnostic Tools
• Image processing focuses on revealing internal structures hidden by skin and bones to diagnose and
treat illnesses. It enables specialists to perform laparoscopic surgeries without invasive procedures.
Techniques like X-ray imaging, CT scans, Ultrasound, and MRI provide crucial insights.
• Modern Imaging Techniques:
X-Ray
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Endoscopy
Computer Tomography
Electrocardiography (ECG)
Medical Ultrasound
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
X-Ray Imaging
Radiation Penetration:
X-rays pass through the body and strike a sensitive
film.
Different tissues absorb X-rays differently based on
their composition.
Detection of Abnormalities:
Helps detect fractures, infections, and abnormalities
in bones and organs.
Example:
Calcium-rich bone restricts radiation, resulting in
white images on X-ray film.
Air-filled lungs allow most X-rays to pass through,
resulting in black images on the film.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

 No Radiation Exposure:
 Uses magnetic and radio waves, avoiding exposure to damaging
radiation like X-rays.
 Working Principle:
 Powerful radio waves (10,000-30,000x stronger than Earth's
magnetic field) are sent through the body.
 These waves move hydrogen atoms' nuclei (from water) into
different positions.
 Atoms emit their own radio waves, picked up by the scanner.
 A computer converts these signals into images.
MRIs Provide
 Visualizing Different Tissues:
 Shows almost all body tissues with clarity.
 Bones (few hydrogen atoms) appear dark, while fatty tissues
(many hydrogen atoms) appear bright.
 Applications:
 Provides clear images of the brain and spinal cord, even
when surrounded by bone.
 Ideal for detecting brain tumors, abnormalities from
conditions like MS, brain bleeds, and assessing brain
oxygen levels after a stroke.
 Useful for diagnosing heart defects and changes in heart
muscle thickness post-heart attack.
 Also examines joints, spine, and soft organs like the liver,
kidneys, and spleen.
Endoscopy
 Visualization of Internal Organs:
 Utilizes a flexible tube with a camera to visualize internal organs and
tissues.
 Applications:
 Allows direct visualization and examination of the gastrointestinal tract,
respiratory system, and other internal organs.
 Used for diagnosing and treating conditions such as ulcers, polyps, tumors,
and inflammation.
 Guides procedures like biopsies, foreign object removal, and tissue sample
collection.
 Provides real-time imaging during surgeries and therapeutic interventions.
Computer Tomography

Special X-ray Machine:


Unlike regular X-rays, CT scanners use multiple beams of
rays sent from different angles.
Working Principle:
Beams passing through less dense tissue (like lungs) are
stronger, while those passing through denser tissue (like
bone) are weaker.
Computer Processing:
• A computer calculates the relative density of
examined tissues based on beam strength.
• Each measurement set is a cross-section through the
body.
• Provides clearer views of internal structures than
traditional X-rays, aiding in diagnosis of diseases and
injuries.
Electrocardiography (ECG)
Recording Heart Activity:
• The heart generates electrical signals as it contracts and relaxes.
• Electrodes are placed on the skin of the chest, arms, and legs.
• These electrodes detect the electrical signals produced by the heart.
• The signals are amplified to make them easier to measure.
• The amplified signals are recorded on graph paper or digitally.
• The recorded signals create a graphical representation known as an
electrocardiogram (ECG).
Applications:
• Helps diagnose heart rhythm abnormalities.
• Detects signs of heart disease, including heart attack and cardiac hypertrophy.
• Monitors the effectiveness of cardiac medications or treatments.
• Assists in assessing overall heart health and identifying potential cardiac risks.
Medical Ultrasound
Ultrasound machines
• generate high-frequency sound waves.
• Reflected sound wave echoes are recorded and displayed as a real-time
visual image. No ionizing radiation (X-ray) is involved.
Obstetric ultrasound
• Refers to the specialized use of sound waves to visualize and thus
determine the condition of a pregnant woman and her embryo or fetus
• Ultrasound images are captured in real time, thus they can show movement
of internal tissues and organs and enable physicians to see blood flow and
heart valve functions. This can help to diagnose a variety of heart
conditions and to assess damage after a heart attack or other illness.
Applications:
• Ultrasound is used for various medical purposes, including prenatal
imaging, diagnosing abdominal and pelvic conditions, assessing blood
flow, guiding biopsies, and monitoring fetal development during
pregnancy.
PET Scan Imaging
 PET = Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan
 Shows how organs and tissues function inside the
body.
 Involves injecting a radioactive chemical
(radiotracer) into a vein.
 Tracer travels and gets absorbed by organs or
tissues.
 PET machine detects and records energy emitted by
the tracer.
 Computer converts this energy into 3D images.
 Physicians analyze cross-sectional images to detect
functional issues.
PET Scans Detect
 Helps evaluate the effectiveness of a patient's
treatment plan.
 Useful for conditions like cancer, heart
problems, coronary artery disease, heart damage
post-heart attack, and brain disorders.
 Detects cellular-level metabolic changes in
organs or tissues.
 Unlike CT or MRI, PET scans detect changes
early, before structural changes occur in organs
or tissues.
 Allows adjustments to the course of care if
necessary based on the scan results.
Conclusion

 The Integration Of Digital Image Processing Techniques Within Medical Applications Has
Demonstrated Significant Potential For Enhancing Diagnostics, Treatment Planning, And Patient Care.
 The Analysis, Enhancement, And Interpretation Of Medical Images, Such As X-rays, Mri Scans, And Ct
Scans, These Technologies Have Enabled Clinicians To Extract Crucial Information Efficiently And
Accurately.
 Segmentation Algorithms Aiding In Tumor Detection To Image Fusion Techniques Facilitating Multi-
modality Visualization, The Advancements In Digital Image Processing Have Revolutionized Medical
Imaging Practices.
 By Embracing Innovation Responsibly And Strategically, The Field Stands Poised To Continue Its
Transformative Impact On Medical Practice, Ultimately Benefiting Patients Worldwide.
References

[1]. Rama Devi O, Chitra Meghana MS, Jeevana Shruti K. Medical image processing—An
overview. International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology. 2016;7(3):362-364.
Available from: http://ijiet.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/54.pdf
[2]. Shaik N. A review on image processing applications in medical field. Research Journal of
Pharmacy and Technology. 2017;10(10):3456-3460. DOI:10.5958/0974-360X.2017.00644.8.
[3]. Eva FA, Elisabeth K. Medical imaging for improved tumour characterization, delineation and
treatment verification. Acta Oncologica. 2002;41(7-8):604-614. DOI: 10.1080/028418602321028201.
[4]. Ed-Edily M. Tumor detection in medical imaging: A survey. International Journal of Advanced
Information Technology. 2014;4(1):21-23. DOI: 10.5121/ijait.2014.4103.
[5]. Amy B. Hershey Pa. The history of radiation use in medicine. Journal of Vascular Surgery.
Published 27 September 2010;53(1):3S-5S. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.07.024. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2010.07.024.
Thank you

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