Chapter 2 Gas Ngaun

BIOMEDICA
L
PERSPECTI
VE IN
GENDER
G A R Y P . N AVA R R O
LPT
AND
INSTRUCTOR
SEXUALITY
Intended learning outcomes:
After studying thisUnderstand
topic, you the
are expected
Define Explain how
Differentiate the
to: female and the basis for fertilization, pregnancy
physiologic
male
processes in Concepcion occurs and its
reproductive and prevention;
female and
system pregnancy; and
males.
Know when Identify the
Identify the Identify the
complications of important health to seek help risky
early pregnancy habits for the from a health behaviors of
in the growing developing care the growing
adolescents. adolescents professional. adolescents.
Discuss how
to avoid
risky
behaviors.
Introduction
• Human experience various physical
and emotional changes from
childhood to adulthood. These
changes are gradual and progress at
different ages and speed in different
people. These stages are based on
human growth and development
from childhood, adolescence,
adulthood, and old age.
This focuses on the adolescent stage of human
development, which is characterized by dynamic changes
in physical and behavioral traits. Despite differences in
physical appearance, the sexual organs of men and women
arise from the structures and fulfill similar functions.
Each persons have a pair of gonads; ovaries are female
gonads; testes are the male gonads. The female germ cells
are ova (egg) and the male germ cells are sperm. Ova and
sperm are the basic reproduction; their union can lead to
the creation of new life
1.1 Anatomy
and Physiology
of
Reproduction
 The Biological Female
Anatomy is the study of body
structure in relation to body
parts. The female sexual
anatomy is designed for the
production and fertilization of
ovum, as well as carrying and
delivering infant offspring.
Puberty signals the final
development of primary and
accessory organs that support
reproduction.
A. The female
external
genitalia
A. The female external genitalia consist of the
following:
 Vulva – all the external genital structures

taken together.
 Mons veneris – pads of fatty issue between
public
 Labia majora – outer lips surrounding all
other structures
 Prepuce – clitoral hood (foreskin above and
covering clitoris);
 Clitoris – glans (head), shaft, and crura
(root), the clitoris is particularly sensitive to
simulation;
Labia minora – inner lips surrounding
the vestibule where sweat and oil glands,
extensive blood vessels, and nerve
endings are located;
Vestibule – area surrounding the urethral
opening and vagina, which is highly
sensitive with extensive blood vessels
and nerve endings.
Urethral openings – end of tube
connecting to bladder and used for
urination;
Vaginal opening – also called introitus;
B. The female
internal reproductive
structures
B. The female internal
reproductive structures consist of
the following
Vagina – collapsible canal extending
from vaginal opening back and upward
into the body to cervix and uterus.
During arousal, it is engorged with
blood. This aids its expansion and
triggers the release of lubricants from
vaginal function.
Cervix – small end of uterus to which
vagina leads. It is the opening in cervix
leading to interior of uterus.
Uterus – womb, organ within pelvic
zone where fetus is carried;
Puberty
Wom me
en n
The menstrual cycle marks the
beginning of puberty in females.
The first episode occurs between
11 to 15 years of age referred to as
menarche. Menstruation pertains
to the sloughing off of the uterine
lining if conception has not
occurred. It may last within two to
six days which follows a cycle
ranging from 24 to 42 days.
Regardless of the length of the
cycle, menstruation begins about 14
days after ovulation (plus or minus
one to two days). The overall cycle
governed by the hypothalamus as it
monitors hormone levels in the
bloodstream. It involves changes in
the endometrium in response to the
fluctuating blood levels of ovarian
hormones. There are three phases as
described and shown in the figure
Female secondary sexual
characteristics emerge after
puberty:
1. Widening of hips and pelvis –
accommodates giving birth, but also results
in downward shift in center of gravity.
2. Enlargement of Breast – at puberty, both
the glandular and fatty tissues of the
breasts develop considerably. Differences
in breast size between women are primarily
due to differences in the amount of fatty
issue.
More female characteristics:
• Generally shorter than men;

• Greater proportion of body weight composed of fat
than men;
• Two X chromosomes reduces expression of many
sex-linked conditions; and
• Lower mortality rate at every age and longer
projected lifespan than men.
The Biological
Male
The male sexual anatomy is designed
for the production and delivery of sperm
for fertilization of the female’s ovum.
Puberty signals the final development of
primary and accessory organs that
support reproduction.
a. The male external genitalia consist of the
following structures
• Prepuce – foreskin covering the head of
penis, removed in male circumcision.
• Penis – glans (head), shaft and root. The
glans is particularly sensitive to
stimulation. Running the length of the
penis is the urethra surrounded by the
spongy body and two cylindrical
chambers known as the cavernous
bodies. During arousal, these become
engorged with blood, resulting in
erection.
• Corona – rim of glans where it arises
from the shaft.
• Frenulum – think strip of skin
connecting gland and shaft on
underside of penis.
• Scrotum – sac that encloses the
two compartments housing the
testes;
• Urethral Opening – found on
head of penis this is the end of
the connected to bladder and used
for urination. It is also tube to
which internal structures deliver
semen by which male ejaculates;
and
• Perineum – area of skin
separating the genitalia from the
• Testes – productive androgen,
particularly large quantities of
testosterone, which greatly influence
male development and drive sexual
motivation; also produce sperm cells in
virtually unlimited quantity over the
entire course of the lifespan;
• Vas Deferens – travels from testicle
toward urethra carrying sperm;
• Seminal vesicles – two glands that
produce alkaline fluid rich in fructose
sugar comprising some 70% of semen
• Ejaculatory ducts – connect
vas deferens to urethra;
• Prostrate – gland producing
alkaline secretions that
account for about 30% of
semen volume.
• Urethra – tube within penis
that carries sperm and semen
the rest of the way to the
opening of the penis.
More Male Characteristics:
• Generally taller and greater proportion of body weight
composed of water.
• Proportionately larger heart and lungs, presumably to
handle greater blood fluid volume.
• Exposure to greater levels of testosterone resulting in
heavier body and facial hair, but also increased frequency
and degree of baldness; and
• Single X chromosome resulting in sex-linked conditions
such as color blindness and haemophilia.
Male Hormones
The testosterone is the major male hormone
produced mainly by the testes, but there are other
glands called the adrenal glands that also produce
some testosterone. In case a man has lost his testes,
these glands would continue to produce testosterone
to support the male physical appearance. Testosterone
is responsible for the growth and development of a
boy during adolescence and for the development of
sperm and secondary sexual characteristics.
Male secondary sexual characteristics that emerge
after puberty.
• No monthly cycle;
• Elongation of vocal cords (lower voice)
• Broader shoulders
• Deeper chest cavity
Conclusion:
Humans experience various physical changes from childhood to adulthood.

The Adolescent stage is characterized by dynamic changes in physical and
behavioral traits. Despite differences in physical appearance, the sexual
organs of men and women arise from the same structures and fulfil similar
functions. Each person has a pair of gonads: ovaries are female gonads; testes
are the male gonads. The gonads produce germ cells and sex hormones. The
female germ cells are ova (egg) and the male germ cells are sperm. Ova and
sperm are the basic Modules of reproduction; their union can lead to the
creation of a new life.

Chapter 2 Gas Ngaun

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2 Gas Ngaun

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2 Gas Ngaun

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BIOMEDICA

 Vulva – all the external genital structures

• Generally shorter than men;

Humans experience various physical changes from childhood to adulthood.

You might also like