UNDERSTANDING THE SELF CHAPTER II: UNPACKING THE SELF

Lesson 1: The Physical and Sexual Self

FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHYSICAL SELF

The development of the individual is caused by two interacting forces: heredity and environment.

Heredity (nature)
- It is the transmission of traits or characteristics from parents to offspring.
- It provides the raw materials of which the individual is made up. Through the genes, hereditary
potentials like physical, mental, social, emotional, and moral traits are passed down to generations.

Environment (nurture)
- Is the sum total of the forces or experiences that a person undergoes from conception to old age.
- It also includes family, friends, school, nutrition, and other agencies one is in contact with.

THE BEGINNING OF LIFE

Life begins at fertilization. Fertilization refers to the meeting of the female sex cell and the male sex
cell. These sex cells are developed in the reproductive organs called gonads. The male sex cells
called spermatozoa (singular: spermatozoon) are produced in the male gonads called testes. On the
other hand, the female sex cells called ova are produced in the female gonads known as ovaries. The
fertilized egg cell known as zygote contains all the hereditary potentials from the parents. This
zygote goes to the uterus and continues to grow during the gestation period of about 280 days or 36
weeks or 9 calendar months.
Each parent contributes one sex chromosome to the offspring. A male parent may pass either and X
or Y chromosome while a female always gives the X chromosome. When an X chromosome comes
from the father and meets the X chromosome from the mother, the resulting combination is XX
which indicates a female offspring. However, when the father produces a Y chromosome which
pairs with the X chromosome from the mother, the resulting combination is XY, signifying a male
offspring.
Both male and female chromosomes contain several thousands of genes. Genes are small particles in
a string-like formation. They are the true carriers of hereditary characteristics of the parents.
Within the gene is a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is the code of heredity. It
contains information and instructions about the newly created organism, and programs the traits
that should be inherited.
It has been believed that the sex chromosomes of humans define the sex (female or male) and their
secondary sexual characteristics. From childhood, we are controlled by our genetic makeup. It
influences the way we treat ourselves and others. However, there are individuals who do not
accepts their innate sexual characteristics and they tend to change their sexual organs through
medications and surgery.
Puberty is the period of life, generally between the ages of 10 and 15 years old, when the
reproductive organs grow to their adult size and become functional under the influence of rising
levels of gonadal hormones (testosterone in males and estrogen in females). After this time,
reproductive capability continues until old age in males and menopause in females.
The changes that occur during puberty is similar in sequence in all individuals but the age which
they occur differs among individuals. In males, as they reach the age of 13, puberty is characterized
by the increase in the size of the reproductive organs followed by the appearance of hair in the
pubic area, axillary, and face. The reproductive organs continue to grow for two years until sexual
maturation marked by the presence of mature semen in the testes.
In females, the budding of their breasts usually occurring at the age of 11, signals their puberty age.
Menarche is the first menstrual period of females which happens two years after the start of
puberty. Hormones play an important role in the regulation of ovulation and fertility of females.

STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

TAKING CARE OF MY PHYSICAL SELF

Since the self is inseparable from the body, you should take very good care of your physical self.
Whether you plan to lose, gain, or maintain weight, the most important thing to do is to keep
yourself fit. To achieve this goal, a rigid plan has to be made.

1. BALANCED DIET
2. WATER
An individual should drink at least eight glasses of water every day. It allows the body to function
efficiently. It also washes away wastes to keep the skin clear and healthy. With a high-protein diet,
the body utilizes the water properly and avoids water retention. Liquids such as coffee, tea, or milk
should not be counted as water. Although they contain lots of water, there is also a build-up of
caffeine, acid, or fat.
3. SLEEP
Sleep gives the bones, muscles, and the mind time to recover. An individual need eight or more
hours of sleep a day. One very important requirement for a refreshing sleep is a firm mattress. If
one sleeps in a slumped, uncomfortable position in a mattress that is too soft, body aches may
develop. A soft and lumpy mattress should be replaced with a firmer one. Another way to improve
the bed is to raise the lower part of the mattress so as to elevate the feet. It is an ideal position
because the blood flows back towards the heart and away from the feet. Moreover, sleeping on
one’s stomach can help prevent varicose veins from developing as well as other circulatory
problems.

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Infections
-are the most common problems associated with the reproductive system in adults.
Vaginal Infections
-are more common in young and elderly women and in those whose resistance to diseases is low.
- that are left untreated may spread throughout the female reproductive tract and may cause pelvic
inflammatory disease and sterility.
- problems that involve painful or abnormal menses may also be due to infection or hormone
imbalance.
Escherichia coli
- The usual infections which spread through the digestive tract; the sexually transmitted
microorganisms such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and herpes virus; and yeast (a type of fungus).

In males, the most common inflammatory conditions are prostatitis, urethritis, and epididymitis, all
of which may follow sexual contacts in which sexually transmitted disease (STD) microorganisms
are transmitted.

Orchiditis
- Inflammation of the testes, is rather uncommon but is serious because it can cause sterility.
- Most commonly follows mumps in an adult male.
Neoplasms
- These are a major threat to reproductive organs. Tumors of the breast and cervix
- Are the most common reproductive cancers in adult females
Prostate cancer
- A common sequel to prostatic hypertrophy
- It is a widespread problem in adult males.

Most women hit the highest point of their reproductive abilities in their late 20’s. A natural decrease
in ovarian function usually follows characterized by reduced estrogen production that causes
irregular ovulation and shorter menstrual periods. Consequently, ovulation and menses stop
entirely, ending childbearing ability. This event is called as menopause, which occurs when females
no longer experience menstruation. The production of estrogen may still continue after menopause
but the ovaries finally stop functioning as endocrine organs.

What will happen if estrogen is no longer released from the body?

1. The reproductive organs and breast begin to atrophy or shrink
2. The vagina becomes dry that causes intercourse to become painful (particularly if frequent)
3. Vaginal infections become increasingly common
4. Irritability and other mood changes (depression in some)
5. Intense vasodilation of the skin’s blood vessels, which causes uncomfortable
sweatdrenching “hot flashes”
6. Gradual thinning of the skin and loss of bone mass
7. Slowly rising blood cholesterol levels, which place postmenopausal women at risk for
cardiovascular disorders.

Some physicians prescribe low-dose estrogen-progestin preparations to help women through this
usually difficult period and to prevent skeletal and cardiovascular complications.

There is no counterpart for menopause in males. Although aging men show a steady decline in
testosterone secretion, their reproductive capability seems unending. Healthy men are still able to
father offspring well into their 80’s and beyond.

EROGENOUS ZONES
- Refer to parts of the body that are primarily receptive and increase sexual arousal when touched
in a sexual manner.
- Some of the commonly known erogenous zones are the mouth, breasts, genitals, and anus.
- It may vary from one person to another.
- Some people may enjoy being touched in a certain area more than the other areas.
- Other common areas of the body that can be aroused easily may include the neck, thighs, abdomen,
and feet.
HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
- Is defined as any activity-- solitary, between two persons, or in a group—that induces sexual
arousal.
There are two major factors that determine human sexual behavior:
1. The inherited sexual response patterns
- that have evolved as a means of ensuring reproduction and that become part of each individual’s
genetic inheritance
2. the degree of restraint
- or other types of influence exerted on the individuals by society in the expression of his sexuality

TYPES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

1. Solitary behavior - Involving only one individual Self-gratification  Means self-stimulation that
leads to sexual arousal and generally, sexual climax.  Takes place in private as an end in itself, but
can also be done in a sociosexual relationship.  Generally beginning at or before puberty, is very
common among young males, but becomes less frequent or is abandoned when sociosexual activity
is available.  Most frequent among the unmarried.  There are more males who perform acts of
self-gratification than females.  The frequency greatly varies among individuals and it usually
decreases as soon as they develop sociosexual relationships. - Majority of males and females have
fantasies of some sociosexual activity while they gratify themselves. - The fantasy frequently
involves idealized sexual patterns and activities that the individual has not experienced and even
might avoid in real life. - Nowadays, humans are frequently being exposed to sexual stimuli
especially from advertising and social media. - Some adolescents become aggressive when they
respond to such stimuli. The rate of teenage pregnancy is increasing in our time. - The challenge is
to develop self-control in order to balance suppression and free expression. - Adolescents need to
control their sexual response in order to prevent premarital sex and acquire sexually transmitted
diseases. 2. Sociosexual behavior - Involving more than one person. - Is generally divided into
heterosexual behavior (male with female) and homosexual behavior (male with male or female with
female). Heterosexual behavior  it is the greatest amount of sociosexual behavior that occurs
between only one male and one female.  It usually begins in childhood and may be motivated by
curiosity, such as showing or examining genitalia. There is varying degree of sexual impulse and
responsiveness among children. - If three or more individuals are involved, it is, possible to have
heterosexual and homosexual activity simultaneously (Gebhard, P.H.2017). Physical contact 
involving necking or petting is considered as an ingredient of the learning process and eventually of
courtship and the selection of a marriage partner. Petting  differs from hugging, kissing, and
generalized caresses of the clothed body to practice involving stimulation of the genitals.  May be
done as an expression of affection and a source of pleasure, preliminary to coitus.  Has been
regarded by others as a near-universal human experience and is important not only in selecting the
partner but as a way of learning how to interact with another person sexually. Coitus  The
insertion of the male reproductive structure into the female reproductive organ, is viewed by
society quite differently depending upon the marital status of the individuals.  Majority of human
societies allow premarital coitus, at least under certain circumstances.  In modern Western
society, premarital coitus is more likely to be tolerated but not encouraged if the individuals intend
marriage.  Moreover, in most societies, marital coitus is considered as an obligation. Extramarital
coitus  involving wives is generally condemned and, if permitted, is allowed only under
exceptional conditions or with specified persons.  Societies are becoming more considerate
toward males than females who engage in extramarital coitus.  This double standard of morality is
also evident in premarital life. Postmarital coitus  Coitus by separated, divorced or widowed
persons  It is almost always ignored  There is a difficulty in enforcing abstinence among sexually
experienced and usually older people for societies that try to confine in married couple
PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE Sexual response follows a pattern of sequential stages
or phases when sexual activity is continued. 1. Excitement phase - It is caused by increase in pulse
and blood pressure - A sudden rise in blood supply to the surface of the body resulting in increased
skin temperature, flushing, and swelling of all distensible body parts (particularly noticeable in the
male reproductive structure and female breasts), more rapid breathing, the secretion of genital
fluids, vaginal expansion, and a general increase in muscle tension. These symptoms of arousal
eventually increase to a near maximal physiological level that leads to the next stage. 2. Plateau
phase - It is generally of brief duration. - If stimulation is continued, orgasm usually occurs. 3. Sexual
climax - it is marked by a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure, a rapid increase in pulse rate and blood
pressure, and spasms of the pelvic muscles causing contractions of the female reproductive organ
and ejaculation by the male. - It is also characterized by involuntary vocalizations. - May last for a
few seconds (normally not over ten), after which the individual enters the resolution phase. 4.
Resolution phase - It is the last stage that refers to the return to a normal or subnormal physiologic
state - Males and females are similar in their response sequence. Whereas males return to normal
even if stimulation continues, but continued stimulation can produce additional orgasms in females.
Females are physically capable of repeated orgasms without the intervening “rest period” required
by males. SEXUAL PROBLEMS 1. Physiological problems - Only small number of people suffer from
diseases that are due to abnormal development of the genitalia or that part of the neurophysiology
controlling sexual response. - Some common physiologic conditions that can disturb sexual
response include: A. Vaginal infections B. Retroverted uteri C. Prostatitis D. Adrenal tumors E.
Diabetes F. Senile changes of the vagina G. Cardiovascular problems - Fortunately, the majority of
physiological sexual problems can be resolved through medication or surgery while problems of the
nervous system that can affect sexual response are more difficult to treat. 2. Psychological problems
- They are usually caused by socially induced inhibitions, maladaptive attitudes, ignorance, and
sexual myths held by society. An example of the latter is the belief that good mature sex must
involve rapid erection, prolonged coitus, and simultaneous orgasm. Magazines, marriage books, and
general sexual folklore often strengthen these demanding ideals, which are not always achieved;
therefore, can give rise to feelings of inadequacy anxiety and guilt. Such resulting negative emotions
can definitely affect the behavior of an individual. 3. Premature emission of semen - Is a common
problem, especially for young males. - Sometimes this is not the consequence of any psychological
problem but the natural result of excessive tension in a male who has been sexually deprived. 4.
Erectile impotence - Is almost always of psychological origin in males under 40; in older males,
physical causes are more often involved. - Fear of being impotent frequently causes impotence, and,
in many cases, the afflicted male is simply caught up in a self-perpetuating problem that can be
solved only by achieving a successful act of coitus. - May be the result of disinterest in the sexual
partner, fatigue, and distraction because of nonsexual worries, intoxication, or other causes—such
occasional impotency is common and requires no therapy. 5. Ejaculatory impotence - It is the
results from the inability to ejaculate in coitus, is uncommon and is usually of psychogenic origin. -
It appears to be associated with ideas of contamination or with memories of traumatic experiences.
- Occasional ejaculatory inability can be possibly expected in older men or in any male who has
exceeded his sexual capacity. 6. Vaginismus - Is a strong spasm of the pelvic musculature
constricting the female reproductive organ so that penetration is painful or impossible. - It can be
due to anti-sexual conditioning or psychological trauma that serves as an unconscious defense
against coitus. - It can be treated by psychotherapy and by gradually dilating the female
reproductive organ with increasingly large cylinders. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs) -
Are infections transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person through sexual contact. -
Can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Examples include gonorrhea, genital herpes, human
papillomavirus infection. *Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome (AIDS), chlamydia, and syphilis (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of
the National Institute of Health of the United States 2017). - Are significant global health priority
because of their overwhelming impact on women and infants and their inter-relationships with HIV
and AIDS. - STDs and HIV are associated with biological interactions because both infections may
occur in the same populations. - Infections with certain STDs can increase the risk of getting and
transmitting HIV as well as modify the way the disease develops. - Can lead to long-term health
problems, usually in women and infants. - Among the health complications that arise from STDs are
pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, tubal or ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, and perinatal or
congenital infections in infants born to infected mothers. - One of the leading STDs worldwide is
AIDS, which caused by HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The virus attacks the immune
system making the individual more prone to infections and other diseases. The virus usually targets
the T-cells (CD4 cells) of the immune system, which serve as the regulators of the immune system.
The virus survives throughout the body but may be transmitted via body fluids such as blood,
semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk. AIDS occurs in the advanced stage of HIV infection. Aside
from HIV and AIDS, there are other sexually transmitted diseases in humans. The following list of
diseases is based on Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2016 of the U.S Department of
Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1. Chlamydia - is a common
curable bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD). Chlamydia trachomatis, or simply chlamydia,
is an infection caused by pathogen bacterium that can afflict the cervix in women and the urethra
and rectum in both men and women. Occasionally other parts of the body (lining of the eyelid,
throat and rectum) can be affected. How is it Contracted? - Chlamydia is transmitted primarily
through sexual activity. The following are the most common ways:  unprotected intercourse
(vaginal, anal) with an infected partner  Oral sex, although a less common cause of infection as
bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis targets the genital area rather than the throat. Although it is
possible theoretically, the cases of infestation from mouth-to-penis and penis-to-mouth contact are
rare  vagina, cervix, anus, penis or mouth contacting infected secretions or fluids which means that
contraction can occur even if the penis or tongue does not enter the vagina or anus  bacteria can
travel from the vaginal area to the anus or rectum of women while wiping with toilet paper 
sharing sex toys  from mother to the newborn during vaginal childbirth through the infected birth
channel  infection can be transferred on fingers from the genitals to other parts of the body (for
example, chlamydia can occur in the eyes) - Chlamydia is not contracted through simple kissing,
handshaking, any casual contacts, sharing baths, towels and cups as well as from toilet seats. - Signs
and Symptoms of Chlamydia Chlamydia is known as one of the ‘silent’ diseases which can produce
no symptoms for a long period of time. Approximately 70–95 percent of women and 50 percent of
men with chlamydia do not observe chlamydia symptoms at all. The symptoms can also be mild and
almost unnoticeable. Another reason why symptoms are not the best way to determine the infection
is that it is often confused with gonorrhea as the symptoms are very much alike. Asymptomatic
nature of chlamydia makes it difficult to estimate how long a person remains infectious and this
period is commonly believed to last until full recovery. - Chlamydia symptoms show up between 1
and 3 weeks after the contraction. Chlamydia Symptoms in Women: unusual or abnormal vaginal
discharge, sometimes yellowish and smelly painful and frequent urinating bleeding between
periods or heavy periods painful sex or bleeding after sex pain in the lower abdominal sometimes
with nausea and low-grade fever swelled skin inside the vagina or around the anus Chlamydia
Symptoms in Men: white/cloudy, watery discharge from the tip of the penis painful urinating
testicular pain and/or swelling swollen skin around the anus - Depending on the localization of the
infection, women, men and children may experience inflamed rectum, urethra or eyelids. The
symptoms of mouth and throat infections are rare although a person can suffer a sore throat. Eyes
infected with chlamydia can be itchy, swelled, cause painful sensations or produce discharge similar
to conjunctivitis. Infection in the rectum results in bleeding, chlamydia discharge and pain. In
women untreated chlamydia can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, an infection damaging the
reproductive organs (uterus and fallopian tubes) and in some cases requiring hospital treatment.
The possible dangerous effects of the PID are: ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy outside the womb)
blocked fallopian tubes (the tubes which carry the egg from the ovaries to the womb), which can
result in reduced fertility or infertility long term pelvic pain early miscarriage or premature birth
Among the Other Consequences of Untreated Chlamydia Are: Cystitis (inflammation of the urinary
bladder) Mucopurulent cervicitis, an inflammation of the cervix with yellowish vaginal discharge
and pain during sexual intercourse In Men Untreated Chlamydia Can Lead to: Epididymitis —
painful inflammation of the inner structures of the testicles, which may cause reduced fertility or
sterility. A rare complication of Epididymitisis reactive arthritis, which causes pain in the inflamed
joints that can be disabling Prostatitis Occasionally, Reiter’s syndrome (arthritis, inflammation of
urethra and eyes) Urethritis — inflammation of the urethra with a yellow discharge appearing at
the tip of the penis. Untreated urethritis results in narrowing of the urethra which leads to painful
urinating and can cause kidney problems - More than 90 million cases of Chlamydia are reported
each year globally with more than a half occurred in women. The highest rate of infections is
observed among teens and young adults. About half of men and most women infected with
chlamydia trachomatis do not observe any symptoms which leads to the disease being untreated
and easily passed from partner to partner. Chlamydia can be cured easily with simple antibiotics
otherwise serious complications can occur in the reproductive system such as PID and even
infertility. - Rates of chlamydia are highest among adolescent and young adult females, the
population targeted for routine chlamydia screening. Among young women attending family
planning clinics participating in a sentinel surveillance program who were tested for chlamydia,
9.2% of 15 to 19 years old and 8.0% of 20 to 24 years old were positive. Rates of reported cases
among men are generally lower than rates among women. 2. Gonorrhea - The clap std or
Gonorrhea: A highly contagious sexually transmitted (STD) bacterial infection, sometimes referred
to as «the clap». The nickname of the clap refers to a treatment that used to clear the blockage in the
urethra from gonorrhea pus, where the penis would be ‘clapped’ on both sides simultaneously. -
Gonorrhea is characterized by thick discharge from the penis or vagina. In addition to male
reproductive organs & female genital tract, it may infect the rectum, throat, eyes, blood, skin, &
joints. How is Gonorrhea Contracted? Gonorrhea spreads through semen or vaginal fluids during
unprotected sexual contact, heterosexual or homosexual, with an infected partner: vaginal or anal
sex with an infected partner oral sex, although this is less common sharing sex toys touching parts
of the body with fingers (for example, touching the private parts and then the eyes) any very close
physical contact the bacteria can be passed from hand to hand (very rare isolated cases) from a
mother to her baby at birth You can NOT catch it from simple kissing, sharing baths, towels, cups, or
from toilet seats. 1–14 days. Symptoms of Gonorrhea -1/2 of women & 1/10 of men who have «The
Clap» have no symptoms at all. Women’s symptoms can include discharge from the vagina, frequent
urination, pain or burning when urinating, & pain between periods. Men are most likely to
experience pain during urination & discharge from the penis. The throat infection rarely shows
gonorrhea symptoms. Gonorrhea Symptoms in Women  strong smelling vaginal discharge that
may be thin & watery or thick & yellow/green  irritation or discharge from the anus  abnormal
vaginal bleeding  possibly some low abdominal or pelvic tenderness  pain or a burning sensation
when passing urine  low abdominal pain sometimes with nausea Gonorrhea Symptoms in Men 
white, yellow or green thick discharge from the tip of the penis  inflammation of the testicles &
prostate gland  irritation or discharge from the anus  urethral itch & pain or burning sensation
when passing urine If «The Clap» Not Treated In women, it can cause: life-threatening complications
such as ectopic pregnancy (outside the womb) blocked fallopian tubes (the tubes which carry the
egg from the ovaries to the womb), which can result in reduced fertility or infertility long-term
pelvic pain In men, it can lead to: painful inflammation of the testicles, which may result in reduced
fertility or sterility 3. Syphilis - A bacterial infection caused by an organism called
spirochete.Syphilis belongs to a group of infections which are transmitted sexually. The first stage of
infection development involves genitals’ sores, which are not accompanied by any painful feelings. -
In some cases it can also be transmitted to an unborn child by its pregnant mother. If not treated,
infection can develop throughout many years which can lead to rather harmful consequences to
other parts of the body. It can have a negative impact on human’s heart and brain. At the same time
syphilis can be treated rather easily and fast without any bad consequences for patient’s health on
its early stages. Treatment course may include a dose of antibiotic medication. It is rather important
for your partner also to be examined if syphilis was diagnosed. Syphilis belongs to infection
diseases. It is called by a special type of germ called Treponema pallidum. It is actually one of the
most common sexually transmitted diseases. The number of infected patients is increasing from
year to year. It is highly spread among gays. In addition this infection is rather common in
developing countries. How is syphilis contracted? Through oral, anal or vaginal sex, via intimate
touching or kissing. Mothers can pass it to their babies by touching syphilis sores (chancres) and
then touching the baby. We have already mentioned the fact that syphilis is a sexually transmitted
infection. It can be passed from one partner to another with ulcer. Some people mistakenly think
that infection can be obtained via toilet seats, bathtubs, shared clothing and so on. This is a false
opinion. Syphilis can be obtained only via direct contact with a person who already has the
infection. There is another important factor which should be considered by pregnant women.
Syphilis can be passed to unborn child during pregnancy. It is transmitted through placenta. If
infection is observed in fetus, it can result in serious health problems in future. Infection can be also
transmitted via blood. It can be brought to human’s organism with the help of blood receiving
transfusion. That is why it is important to proceed with thorough and accurate examination of blood
receiving products. Needles sharing between infected patients can also result in syphilis. If you are
not treated Untreated syphilis can lead to serious damage to the brain and the nervous system;
mental deterioration; loss of balance, vision, and sensation; leg pain; and heart disease. A fetus is at
particular risk if the mother doesn’t seek treatment; the chances for stillbirth and serious birth
defects, including blindness, are very high. 4. Chancroid - it is a bacterial infection that results in
sores on the mouth, throat, lips, anus, tongue, vagina or penis. Chancroid belongs to the family of
bacterial infections resulting in open sores in the area located around men’s and women’s genitals.
This infection represents the type of venereal diseases obtained via sexual contact with a partner. -
Chancroid is caused by a special type of bacteria which is called Haemophilus ducreyi. It acts in a
harmful way attacking different tissues while producing an open sore in the area of men’s and
women’s external reproductive organs. - Another feature of this infection is the fact that the sores
may start bleeding or producing contagious fluid when it comes to oral, anal or vaginal intercourse.
It should also be kept in mind that this disease can also be transmitted from skin to skin. Close
contact with infected person is another way of catching Chancroid. The infection is mostly met
among sexually active patients. At the same time those who live in countries with poor healthcare
systems and sanitation conditions are also prone to obtaining Chancroid. How is Chancroid
contracted? You can get chancroid sores or spread them through skin-to-skin contact with open
sores, from hands that have touched a sore, or from sex toys such as vibrators or dildos that have
touched a sore. At the same time you can get the disease after touching someone’s skin with a sore.
It is one of the ways when Chancroid may be caught even without sexual activity through contact
with infected fluid of another ulcer. If you are not treated The sores remaining from an untreated
chancroid infection may put you at risk of other STDs, as well as other types of infections. The best
way to avoid any problems in future is to follow prescribed treatment course and take medication
according to instructions of your healthcare provider. Though it is believed that chancroid may go
away without any healing the cure is till necessary in order to avoid scarring and other unpleasant
consequences of infection development. Those who want to avoid this infection will benefit from
our easy steps that will help to prevent the disease: first of all you need to use condoms while
having sex; try to reduce the number of sex partners and stick to safe sex; do not be involved in
high-risk activities which can lead to occurrence of other sexually transmitted infections; warn your
partner about development of your infection and do not be afraid to ask him or her the same. 5.
Human Papillomavirus - commonly referred to as HPV, is a vast group of viruses potentially leading
to warts, genital warts and, in worst cases, cancer. However, most HPV types do not result in any
harmful effect on human body, go away in several months and remain unnoticed. Sexually active
people are more likely to obtain the infection and more than a half of all people acquire it over the
course of life. How is it Transmitted Skin-to-skin contact is the typical way of transmitting HPV.
Vaginal, anal, oral intercourse and other sexual contacts is the most common way of contracting the
infection. It can also be passed through body fluids or mucous membranes. If HPV is not treated As
we have said, HPV is a very common infection that occurs to over 50% of all sexually active people.
It can have such symptoms as genital warts or not show any symptoms at all. That is why many
infected people who do not pass medical tests on a regular basis have no idea of being infected. This
is where the virus can develop into cancer. Women are more likely to be affected by the virus and
can potentially develop cancer in cervical area, vagina, vulva or anus. This is why it is important to
prevent virus development by regular Pap smears. Yet, in most cases the infection goes away
without any treatment. What causes HPV? Human Papillomavirus stands for the large group of
easily-transmitted viruses that potentially can cause cancer. They are usually transmitted during
sexual intercourse, including oral, vaginal, anal sex and other skin-to-skin contacts. However, the
infection can also enter someone’s body through any natural fluids or even minor skin cuts. HPV is
one of the most spread sexually transmitted diseases. Is HPV an STD? Human Papillomavirus is a
sexually transmitted disease as it is normally transmitted during sexual contacts. However, it should
be remembered that it can potentially be transmitted via any skin-to-skin contact, even without
sexual intercourse. 6. Herpes Simplex Virus -Two types of a viral infection characterized by periodic
outbreaks of painful sores. Stress, sunburn, and certain foods are the primary causes of a herpes
outbreak. If you are not treated While herpes is not life-threatening, and not all people who have it
suffer from outbreaks, those who do experience outbreaks find that topical medication as
Zoviraxointment eases the pain and can help speed recovery when blisters appear. Both herpes
simplex virus-1 and virus-2 may be transmitted through sex, or by kissing or touching any affected
area. A condom can prevent herpes transmission during vaginal or anal sex, but oral contact with
genitals or open sores anywhere can spread the disease. Washing hands can also minimize
transmission. Stages of Herpes: 7. Trichomonas Vaginalis - is a common sexually transmitted
disease (STD) that affects both men and women. Trichomoniasis is caused by a protozoan parasite
called Trichomonas vaginalis and is a cause of vaginal infections in women and urethral infections
in men. - Trichomoniasis is an STD that affects approximately 5 million people in the US every year.
Trichomoniasis is one of the most common, curable causes of vaginal infections in women. How is
Trichomoniasis contracted? Trichomoniasis is spread through sexual contact, as all other STD’s.
Transmission can occur even if a person does not have symptoms of infection. Women contract
trichomoniasis from infected male or female partners while men usually contract it only from
female partners. Using condoms and/or dental dams provide some protection. Their use is strongly
encouraged, but is not 100% safe. Trichomoniasis can also survive on infected objects like sheets,
towels, and underwear and could be transmitted by sharing them. Trichomoniasis Symptoms Many
people with trichomoniasis experience no symptoms. If there are symptoms, the most common
trichomoniasis symptoms include: Trichomoniasis Symptoms in Women Genital itching and/or
burning Vaginal or vulval redness Frothy yellow-green vaginal discharge with a strong odor Blood
spotting Frequent and/or painful urination Discomfort during intercourse Abdominal pain A
woman might also find that the above symptoms worsen after menstruation and that the symptoms
may be confused with an yeast infection. This fact emphasizes the importance of always having an
yeast infection diagnosed properly, because it might not be an yeast infection. Trichomoniasis
Symptoms in Men Men are usually asymptomatic, but if a man has symptoms, they can include:
Unusual penile discharge Painful urination Burning sensation after ejaculation Tingling inside the
penis. If you are not treated As mentioned above, trichomoniasis is one of the most common and
most curable STD’s. The symptoms are more annoying than they are threatening to your health. The
genital inflammation caused by trichomoniasis might however, increase a person’s risk of acquiring
HIV infection if s/he is exposed to HIV or might also increase the chances of transmitting HIV
infection to a sex partner. In rare case, trichomoniasis in pregnant women may cause a premature
rupture of the membranes and early delivery. 8. HIV/AIDS - HIV is the acronym for the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus, a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, leading to full-blown AIDS
(Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). AIDS is devastating because it leaves the body susceptible
to lifethreatening infections and certain kinds of cancers. How is HIV and AIDS contracted? Through
oral, anal, or vaginal sex, and from an HIV-positive mother to her baby. To prevent it, use a condom
every time you have sex; find out the sexual history of any new partners, including their HIV status;
and don’t share needles if you do intravenous drugs. If you’re pregnant and are HIV-positive, talk to
your doctor about how to prevent passing the virus along to your child. Symptoms of HIV and AIDS
Most symptoms of AIDS are not caused directly by HIV, but by an infection or other condition
brought on by a weakened immune system. These include severe weight loss, fever, headache, night
sweats, fatigue, severe diarrhea, shortness of breath, and difficulty swallowing. The symptoms tend
to last for weeks or months at a time and do not go away without treatment. In some cases,
infections result in death. HIV Treatment So far, there is no cure for AIDS, but some drug regimens
that combine medications such as AZT (Retrovir) with ritonavir or norvir are proving effective at
strengthening immunity and keeping infections at bay, thereby prolonging the lives of many AIDS
sufferers. Combination drug therapy has benefited many people for years, but it is still unclear how
long the drugs will remain effective, especially since effectiveness varies significantly from person
to person.The drugs must also be taken in large quantities, usually on a daily basis, and there are
many side effects. If you are not treated HIV progresses more rapidly into full-blown AIDS without
treatment, usually because of infections that develop as a result of the patient’s weakened immune
system. NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION Natural Method - The natural
family planning methods do not involve any chemical or foreign body introduction into the human
body. People who are very conscious of their religious beliefs are more inclined to use the natural
way of birth control and others follow such natural methods because they are more cost-effective. a.
Abstinence This natural method involves refraining from sexual intercourse and is the most
effective natural birth control method with ideally 0% fail rate. It is considered to be the most
effective way to avoid STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections). However, most people find it difficult
to comply with abstinence, so only a few use this method. b. Calendar Method - This method is also
called as the rhythm method. It entails withholding from coitus during the days that the woman is
fertile. According to the menstrual cycle, the woman is likely to conceive three or four days before
and three or four days after ovulation. The woman needs to record her menstrual cycle for six
months in order to calculate the woman’s safety days to prevent conception. c. Basal Body
Temperature - The basal body Temperature (BBT) indicates the woman’s temperature at rest.
Before the day of ovulation and during ovulation, BBT falls at 0.5 Fahrenheit; it increases to a full
degree because of progesterone and maintains its level throughout the menstrual cycle. This serves
as the basis for the method. The woman must record her temperature every morning before any
activity. A slight decrease in the basal temperature can be a sign that a woman has ovulated. d.
Cervical Mucus Method - The change in the cervical mucus during ovulation is the basis for this
method. During ovulation, the cervical mucus is copious, thin, and watery. It also exhibits the
property of spinnbarkeit, wherein it can be stretched up until at least 1 inch and is slippery. The
woman is said to be fertile as long as the cervical mucus is copious and watery. Therefore, she must
avoid coitus during those days to prevent conception. e. Symptothermal Method - The
symptothermal method is basically a combination of the BBT method and the cervical mucus
method. The woman records her temperature every morning and also takes note of changes in her
cervical mucus. She should abstain from coitus three days after a rise in her temperature or on the
fourth day after the peak of a mucus change. f. Ovulation Detection - The ovulation detection
method uses an over-the-counter kit that requires the urine sample of the woman. The kit can
predict ovulation through the surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) that happens 12 to 24 hours before
ovulation. g. Coitus Interruptus - Coitus interrupts is one of the oldest methods that prevents
conception. A couple still goes on with coitus, but the man withdraws the moment he ejaculates to
emit the spermatozoa outside of the female reproductive organ. A disadvantage of this method is
the pre-ejaculation fluid that contains a few spermatozoa that may cause fertilization. ARTIFICIAL
METHODS a. Oral Contraceptives - Also known as the pill, oral contraceptives contain synthetic
estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen suppresses the Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and LH to
prevent ovulation. Moreover, progesterone decreases the permeability of the cervical mucus to limit
the sperm’s access to the ova. It is suggested that the woman takes the first pill on the first Sunday
after the beginning of a menstrual flow, or as soon as it is prescribed by the doctor. b. Transdermal
Patch - Contains both estrogen and progesterone. The woman should apply one patch every week
for three weeks on the following areas: upper outer arm, upper torso, abdomen, or buttocks. At the
fourth week, no patch is applied because the menstrual flow would then occur. The area where the
patch is applied should be clean, dry, and free of initiation. c. Vaginal Ring - The vaginal ring releases
a combination of estrogen and progesterone and it surrounds the cervix. This silicon ring is inserted
into the female reproductive organ and remains there for three weeks and then removed on the
fourth week, as menstrual flow would occur. The woman becomes fertile as soon as the ring is
removed. d. Subdermal Implants - Are two rod-like implants inserted under the skin of the female
during her menses or on the seventh day of her menstruation to make sure that she will not get
pregnant. The implants are made with etonogestrel, desogestrel, and progestin and can be helpful
for three to five years. e. Hormonal injections - a hormonal injection contains medroxyprogesterone,
a progesterone, and is usually given once every 12 weeks intramuscularly. The injection causes
changes in the endometrium and cervical mucus and can help prevent ovulation. f. Intrauterine
Devise - Is a small, T-shaped object containing progesterone that is inserted into the uterus via the
female reproductive organ. It prevents fertilization by creating a local sterile inflammatory
condition to prevent implantation of the zygote. The IUD is fitted only by the physician and inserted
after the woman’s menstrual flow. The device can effective for five to seven years. g. Chemical
Barriers - Chemical barriers such as spermicles, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin films are used
to cause the death of sperms before they can enter the cervix and to lower the pH level of the female
reproductive organ so it will not become conducive for the sperm. On the other hand, these
chemical barriers cannot prevent sexually transmitted infections. h. Diaphragm - it is a circular,
rubber disk that fits the cervix and should be placed before coitus. Diaphragm works by inhibiting
the entrance of the sperm into the female reproductive organ and it works better when used
together with a spermicide. The diaphragm should be fitted only by the physician, and should
remain in place for six hours after coitus. i. Cervical Cap - Is made of soft rubber and fitted on the
rim of the cervix. It is shaped like a thimble with a thin rim, and could stay in place for not more
than 48 hours. j. Male Condoms - Is a latex or synthetic rubber sheath that is placed on the erect
male reproductive organ before penetration into the female reproductive organ to trap the sperm
during ejaculation. It can prevent STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections) and can be bought over-
the-counter. Male condoms have an ideal fail rate of 2% and a typical fail rate of 15% due to a break
in the sheath’s integrity or spilling of semen. k. Female Condoms - Are made up of latex rubber
sheaths that are pre-lubricated with spermicide. They are usually bound by two rings. The outer
ring is first inserted against the opening of the female reproductive organ and the inner ring covers
the cervix. It is used to prevent fertilization of the egg by the sperm cells. l. Surgical Methods -
During vasectomy, a small incision is made on each side of the scrotum. The vas deferens is then
tied, cauterized, cut, or plugged to block the passage of the sperm. The patient is advised to use a
backup contraceptive method until two negative sperm count results are recorded because the
sperm could remain viable in the vas deferens for six months. - In women, tubal ligation is
performed after menstruation and before ovulation. The procedure is done through a small incision
under the woman’s umbilicus that targets the fallopian tube for cutting, cauterizing, or blocking to
inhibit the passage of both the sperm and the ova Reference: References Pujols, Y., Meston, C. M., &
Seal, B. N. (2010). The association between sexual satisfaction and body image in women. Journal of
Sexual Medicine, 7, 905–916. Snell, W. E., Jr., & Papini, D. R. (1989). The Sexuality Scale: An
instrument to measure sexualesteem, sexual-depression, and sexual-preoccupation. Journal of Sex
Research, 26, 256–263. Anticevic, V., Jokic-Begic, N., Britvic, D., (2017) Sexual self-concept, sexual
satisfaction, and attachment among single and coupled individuals. Personal Relationships, 24, 858-
858.