G L O B A L I Z AT I O N

——

OF RELIGION
LEARNING OUTCOMES

01. 1.Define Religion

02. Give examples of the different social organizations of

religion

03. Explain the Relationship of Religion and Globalization

 RELIGION
1. The word RELIGION came from the Latin verb RELIGARE which
means “ to tie “ or “ to bind fast “.
2. Religion is a set of organized beliefs, practices, and systems that most
often relate to the belief and worship of a controlling force, such as a
personal god or another supernatural being.

3. Religion is a range of social-cultural systems, including designated

behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified
places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relate humanity
to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements

According to an estimate by the Pew Research Center,

84% of the world's population has some type of religious
affiliation.
Author or Definition
Source
Sigmund Freud religion as a form of wish fulfillment.
American Heritage "Belief in and reverence for a supernatural power recognized as the creator and
Dictionary governor of the universe; A particular integrated system of this expression; The spiritual
or emotional attitude of one who recognizes the existence of a superhuman power or
powers."
John Ayto: Dictionary "Latin religio originally meant 'obligation, bond.' It was probably derived from the verb
of Word Origins religare 'tie back, tie tight' … It developed the specialized sense 'bond between human
beings and the gods,' and from the 5th century it came to be used for 'monastic life' ...
'Religious practices' emerged from this, but the word's standard modern meaning did not
develop until as recently as the 16th century."
Jalalu'l-Din Rumi "The lamps are different, but the light is the same."
Immanuel Kant "Religion is the recognition of all our duties as divine commands."
Ludwig Feuerbach "Religion is a dream, in which our own conceptions and emotions appear to us as separate
existences, being out of ourselves."
E. B. Tylor "Belief in spiritual things"
Alfred North Whitehead "Religion is what an individual does with his solitariness."
George Bernard Shaw "There is only one religion, though there are hundreds of versions of it."
Author or Definition
Source

Emile Durkheim "a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say,
things set apart and forbidden -- beliefs and practices which unite into one single
moral community called a Church all those who adhere to them."

"Religion is only the sentiment inspired by the group in its members, but projected
outside of the consciousness that experiences them, and objectified."

James G. Frazer Religion is "a propitiation or conciliation of powers superior to man which are believed
to direct and control the course of Nature and of human life."

William James "The very fact that they are so many and so different from one another is enough to
prove that the word 'religion' cannot stand for any single principle or essence, but is
rather a collective name."

Harriet Martineau "Religion is the belief in an ever-living God, that is, in a Divine Mind and Will ruling
the Universe and holding moral relations with mankind."
Author or Definition
Source

Rudolph Otto "Religion is that which grows out of, and gives expression to, experience of the holy
in its various aspects."
John Dewey "The religious is any activity pursued on behalf of an ideal end against obstacles
and in spite of threats of personal loss because of its general and enduring value."
Karl Marx "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature... a protest against real suffering... it
is the opium of the people... the illusory sun which revolves around man for as long
as he does not evolve around himself."
Paul Tillich "Religion is the state of being grasped by an ultimate concern, a concern which
qualifies all other concerns as preliminary and which itself contains the answer to
the question of the meaning of life."
Friedrich Schleiermacher "The essence of religion consists in the feeling of absolute dependence."
Spiro "An institution consisting of culturally patterned interaction with culturally postulated
superhuman beings."
Hick "Religion constitutes our varied human response to transcendent Reality."
Author or Definition
Source
Bradley "Religion usually has to do with man's relationship to the unseen world, to the world of spirits,
demons, and gods. A second element common to all religions … is the term salvation. All
religions seek to help man find meaning in a universe which all too often appears to be hostile
to his interests. The world salvation means, basically, health. It means one is saved from
disaster, fear, hunger, and a meaningless life. It means one is saved for hope, love, security,
and the fulfillment of purpose."

J. Miltion Yinger "Religion is a system of beliefs and practices by means of which a group of people struggle with the
ultimate problem of human life."
Clifford Geertz "Religion is (1) a system of symbols which acts to (2) establish powerful, persuasive, and long-lasting
moods and motivations in [people] by (3) formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and (4)
clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely
realistic."

Livingston "Religion is that system of activities and beliefs directed toward that which is perceived to be of sacred
value and transforming power."
Swidler "an explanation of the meaning of life and how to live accordingly."
R. Forrester Church Religion is "our human response to being alive and having to die…"
Robert Bellah "...a set of symbolic forms and acts that relate man to the ultimate conditions of his existence."
Author or Definition
Source
Wallace Religion is "a set of rituals, rationalized by myth, which mobilizes supernatural powers for
the purpose of achieving or preventing transformations of state in man or nature."

Cunningham, et al. "Religion signifies those ways of viewing the world which refer to (1) a notion of sacred
reality (2) made manifest in human experience (3) in such a way as to produce long-lasting
ways of thinking, feeling, and acting (4) with respect to problems of ordering and
understanding existence."

Horton "An extension of the field of people's social relationships beyond the confines of a purely
human society... one in which human beings involved see themselves in a dependent
position vis-a-vis their non-human alters…”

Otto Rank "All religion springs, in the last analysis, not so much from fear of natural death as of final
destruction."
Schmidt, et al. "Religions, then, are systems of meaning embodied in a pattern of life, a community of faith,
and a worldview that articulate a view of the sacred and of what ultimately matters."
Aldous Huxley “Religion is the price we pay for being intelligent, but not as yet intelligent enough.”
Author or Definition
Source

Ernest Becker ..."culture itself is sacred, since it is the 'religion' that assures in some way
the perpetuation of its members." "Culture is in this sense 'supernatural,'
and all systems of culture have in the end the same goal: to raise men
above nature, to assure them that in some ways their lives count in the
universe more than merely physical things count."

H. Smith "Wherever people live, whenever they live, they find themselves faced with
three inescapable problems: how to win food and shelter from their natural
environment (the problem nature poses), how to get along with one another
(the social problem), and how to relate themselves to the total scheme of
things (the religious problem). If this third issue seems less important than
the other two, we should remind ourselves that religious artifacts are the
oldest that archaeologists have discovered."
 SIMILAR TO RELIGION

01. animism is the belief in divine non-human beings

totemism involves the belief in a divine connection between

02. humans and the natural world.

OPPOSITE TO RELIGION

01. atheism, which involves a belief in no god or gods

agnosticism, which holds that the existence of god or gods is

02. unknown or unknowable.
TYPES OF RELIGIOUS
ORGANIZATIONS CHURCH - a building for public worship and especially Christian
( as cited by LANUZA 01. worship; church is not a building, but a body of believers united in
Christ.
AND RAYMUNDO, 2016)
SECT - a group of people with somewhat different
02. religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from
those of a larger group to which they belong.
DENOMINATION - a recognized autonomous branch of the
03. Christian Church; a subgroup within a religion that operates
under a common name and tradition among other activities.
EXAMPLE: Protestantism and Roman Catholicism
CULT - a small religious group that is not part of a larger and
04. more accepted religion and that has beliefs regarded by many
people as extreme or dangerous.

NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS (NRMs) and INDIGENOUS

05. RELIGIOUS GROUPS - the ancestral religions of peoples who
are native to particular landscapes.
 PROJECTED SIZE OF MAJOR RELIGION GROUPS FOR 2023 (PEW RESEARCH CENTER)

RELIGION PERCENT
FOUNDER BELIEF OR PRINCIPLE

CHRISTIANITY 31.7% Jesus Christ Belief in God the Father, Jesus Christ as the Son of God, and the Holy Spirit.

ISLAM 25% Prophet Muhammad There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God

UNAFFILIATED 15.2% none

HINDUISM 14.9% none Hindus believe in the doctrines of samsara (the continuous cycle of life, death, and
reincarnation) and karma (the universal law of cause and effect). One of the key
thoughts of Hinduism is “atman,” or the belief in soul. This philosophy holds that living
creatures have a soul, and they're all part of the supreme soul.

BUDDHISM 6.6% SIDDHARTA There is suffering; suffering has an origin; suffering can cease; there is a path out of
GAUTAMA suffering.

FOLK 5.6% none The devotion includes the veneration of forces of nature and ancestors, exorcism of
RELIGIONS demonic forces, and a belief in the rational order of nature, balance in the universe
and reality that can be influenced by human beings and their rulers, as well as spirits
and gods.

SIKHISM 0.3% Guru Nanak Spiritual devotion and reverence of God at all times while practicing the ideals of
honesty, compassion, humility and generosity in everyday life.
OTHER 0.8%
RELIGIONS
PURPOSE AND Modern Psychology recognizes that religion can play an
important role in an individual's life and experiences and can
IMPORTANCE even improve health and well-being. In fact, studies have shown
OF RELIGION 01. that religion can help people develop healthy habits, regulate
their behaviors, and understand their emotions—all factors that
can affect your health.

02. Religion can be a source of comfort and guidance.

It can provide a basis for moral beliefs and

03. behaviors.

It can also provide a sense of community and

04. connection to tradition.
How globalization
affected religion? 01. Religious Nationalism

Turn religion into public life

02.
Proliferation of international terrorism
03.
Increase of individual religiosity
04.
GLOBAL MIGRATION also influences
religion
GLOBAL TRENDS and IMPULSES
influenced religion and forced to
respond to newfound situations
Thank you
——
MERCY B. BANGUG
F a c u l t y, D A S D e p a r t m e n t