Networking Programming

Session
Of
Advance Java
 Networking Basics
 Computers running on the Internet communicate to each
other using either the Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) or the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), as this
diagram illustrates:
 Typically, you don't need to concern
yourself with the TCP and UDP layers.
Instead, you can use the classes in
the java.net package. These classes
provide system-independent network
communication
 To decide which Java classes your
programs should use, you do need to
understand how TCP and UDP differ.
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 TCP
 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-
based protocol that provides a reliable flow of data
between two computers
 When two applications want to communicate to each
other reliably, they establish a connection and send data
back and forth over that connection
 TCP provides a point-to-point channel for applications
that require reliable communications.
 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol
(FTP), and Telnet are all examples of applications that require a
reliable communication channel.
 The order in which the data is sent and received over
the network is critical to the success of these
applications.
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 UDP
 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a protocol that sends
independent packets of data, called datagrams, from
one computer to another with no guarantees about
arrival. UDP is not connection-based like TCP
 Sending datagrams is much like sending a letter through the
postal service: The order of delivery is not important and is not
guaranteed, and each message is independent of any other
 Another example of a service that doesn't need the
guarantee of a reliable channel is the ping command.
The purpose of the ping command is to test the
communication between two programs over the
network.

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 Ports
 Generally, A computer has a single physical connection
to the network.
 All data destined for a particular computer arrives through that
connection.However, the data may be intended for different
applications running on the computer. So the computer use
ports to forward the data to corespond application
 The computer is identified by its 32-bit IP address,
whereas ports are identified by a 16-bit number, which
TCP and UDP use to deliver the data to the right
application.
 The port numbers ranging from 0 - 1023 are restricted; they are
reserved for use by well-known services such as HTTP and
FTP and other system services. These ports are called well-
known ports.

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 Java Network Classes
 Through the classes in java.net, Java programs can
use TCP or UDP to communicate over the Internet
 Socket : TCP endpoint (a “telephone”)
 ServerSocket : TCP endpoint (“telephone
company”)
 DatagramSocket: UDP endpoint (a “mailbox”)
 DatagramPacket: UDP endpoint (a “letter”)
 URL :Uniform Resource Locator (an “address”)
 URLConnection : Connection to web object

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 Networking Introduction

 There are four major technologies for building

client/server applications in Java.
 Java Sockets, the backbone of all networked
communication
 Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI), Java-to-Java
client/server systems
 JDBC, Java Database Connectivity to relational
databases (already examined)
 Java Interface Definition Language (IDL), the Java
binding to the CORBA standard.
 In this session we look at Java Sockets
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 Sockets Introduction
 To communicate over network, a client program and a
server program establish a connection to one another.
Each program binds a socket to its end of the
connection. To communicate, the client and the server
each reads from and writes to the socket bound to the
connection.
 A socket is one endpoint of a two-way communication
link between two programs running on the network.
 A socket is bound to a port number so that the TCP
layer can identify the application that data is destined to
be sent.
 In Java, each program reads from and writes to a socket
in much the same way that you open, read, write to and
close a file.
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 Sockets Introduction
 Normally, a server runs on a specific computer and has a socket
that is bound to a specific port number. The server just waits,
listening to the socket for a client to make a connection request
 On the client-side: The client knows the hostname of the machine
on which the server is running and the port number to which the
server is connected.
 If everything goes well, the server accepts the connection. Upon
acceptance, the server gets a new socket bound to a different port.
It needs a new socket so that it can continue to listen to the original
socket for connection requests
 The client and server can now communicate by writing to or
reading from their sockets.

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 Sockets Introduction

 There are two types of sockets in Java

One is analogous to the telephone
connecting to a service. In Java, this is a
connection oriented service using the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
 When using TCP connection sockets, the TCP
protocol makes sure that everything you send gets
to the other end - there is a direct connection
between one end and the other.
The other is analogous to a mailbox, a
connectionless “datagram” service called the
Unreliable Datagram Protocol (UDP).
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 Socket program

 The basic steps for socket programming are

much the same as following:
1. Open a socket.
2. Open an input stream and output stream that bind
to the socket.
3. Read from and write to the stream according to the
server's protocol.
4. Close the streams.
5. Close the socket.

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 ServerSocket

 The ServerSocket class is used to associate a Socket

with a port.
ServerSocket s=new ServerSocket(8189);
 The statement
Socket incoming = s.accept();
waits indefinitely until a client connects to the
chosen port, then creates a socket for the Client to
connect to.
 The accept() method blocks so that any thread
including this statement will also be blocked.
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 Simple EchoServer
 public class EchoServer {
public static void main(String[] args ){
try {
ServerSocket s = new ServerSocket(8189);
Socket incoming = s.accept( );
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader
(new InputStreamReader(incoming.getInputStream()));
PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter
(incoming.getOutputStream(), true);
out.println( "Hello! Enter BYE to exit." );
boolean done = false;
while (!done){
String str = in.readLine();
if (str == null) done = true;
else{ out.println ("Echo: " + str);
if (str.trim().equals("BYE")) done = true; }
} incoming.close();
} catch (Exception e) …. 13 of 31
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 Simple EchoServer
 The Socket object that represents the connection to the
client can be used to get an input reader and an output
writer
 BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader (new
InputStreamReader(incoming.getInputStream()));
PrintWriter out = new
PrintWriter(incoming.getOutputStream(), true);
 This means that everything the server sends to the out
object, becomes the input to the connected client, and
all output from the client ends up in the server’s input
stream object in.

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 Simple EchoServer

 We will concentrate on transmitting text through

sockets, so we turn the streams into readers
and writers. Then we can use the readLine()
method and the print() method.
 In order to transmit binary data we would need
to turn the streams into DataInputStreams and
DataOutputStreams
 Having initialized the connection and set up the
input and output streams, the program sends a
greeting to the client.
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 Simple EchoServer
 The server then receives text from the client and
displays it.
 To test this program
 start the server
 start telnet
 connect to 127.0.0.1, port 8189
 (127.0.0.1 is a special address, called the local loopback
address that denotes the local machine. Convenient for setting
up test systems)
 You should see the prompt
 Hello! Enter BYE to exit
 Enter anything, and it should be echoed on your
screen. 16 of 31
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 A Simple Threaded Server
 One problem with the previous example is that
only one client can connect to the server at a
time.
 We overcome this by using threads.
 Whenever a new client attempts to connect, we
spawn a new thread to handle the communications
with that client. Each client has its own connection
thread.
 With new server, start telnet 2 or 3 times and
connect as before. We can have multiple clients
running connecting to the server.

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 A Simple Threaded Server
public class ThreadedEchoServer {
public static void main(String[] args ){
int i = 1;
try{
ServerSocket s = new ServerSocket(8189);
while(true){
Socket incoming = s.accept( );
System.out.println("Spawning " + i);
new ThreadedEchoHandler(incoming, i).start();
i++;
}
}catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
} 18 of 31
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 A Simple Threaded Server

class ThreadedEchoHandler extends Thread {

public ThreadedEchoHandler(Socket i, int c) {
incoming = i; counter = c;
}
public void run() { ….
// code as before to handle the receipt and
transmission of text.
}
}

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 A Client/Server System

 We can combine the ideas for the client and

server to build a Client/Server System.
 Simplify with both the server and the client
running on one machine
 The client can talk to the server over the
network. The server’s response is similar. The
system could easily be extended to make it
much more sophisticated, however, the network
code is very similar to what we have seen.
 Look at ChatServer.java and ChatClient.java
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 Datagrams
 The UDP protocol provides a mode of network
communication whereby applications send packets
of data, called datagrams, to one another.
 A datagram is an independent, self-contained
message sent over the network whose arrival,
arrival time, and content are not guaranteed.
 The DatagramPacket and DatagramSocket classes
in the java.net package implement system-
independent datagram communication using UDP
 An application can send and receive
DatagramPackets through a DatagramSocket.
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 DatagramPacket
 DatagramPacket are used to implement a
connectionless packet delivery service.
 message is routed from one machine to another
based on information contained within that packet.
 packets sent from one machine to another might be
routed differently, and might arrive in any order
 Constructor
DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int length,InetAddress address, int port)
 buf - the packet data.
 length - the packet length.
 address - the destination address.
 port - the destination port number
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 InetAddress class
 InetAddress class represents an Internet Protocol (IP)
address
 Applications should use the methods getLocalHost,
getByName, or getAllByName to create a new
InetAddress instance
 internetAddress = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
 internetAddress = InetAddress.getLocalHost()
 InetAddress[] addr= InetAddress.getAllByName(“trainsoft.com”)
 Determines all the IP addresses of a host,
 The host name can either be a machine name, such as
"java.sun.com", or a string representing its IP address, such
as "206.26.48.100“
 getHostAddress()
 Returns the IP address string "%d.%d.%d.%d".
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 DatagramSocket
 The DatagramSocket class represents a socket for
sending and receiving datagram packets
 A datagram socket is the sending or receiving point for a
packet delivery service. Each packet sent or received on
a datagram socket is individually addressed and routed.
 Constructor
 DatagramSocket(int port): Constructs a datagram socket and
binds it to the specified port on the local host machine
 DatagramSocket(int port, InetAddress localAddr) Creates a
datagram socket, bound to the specified local address
 The receive() method waits forever until a packet is
received. If no packet is received, the server makes no
further progress and just waits.

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 DatagramSocket
 The send(DatagramPacket) method sends a datagram
packet from this socket.
 The DatagramPacket includes information indicating the data to be
sent, its length, the IP address of the remote host, and the port number
on the remote host.
 With a received packet, the DatagramSocket (server -
receiver) can then send a response message to the
sender base on address embbed inside the received
packet
 socket.receive(packet);
InetAddress address = packet.getAddress();
int port = packet.getPort();
byte[] buf="OK".getBytes();
DatagramPacket OKpack =
new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length, address,
port);
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socket.send(OKpack);
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 URL

 URL stand for Uniform Resource Locator. It is a

reference (an address) to a resource on the
Internet.
 Java programs can use a class called URL in
the java.net package to represent a URL
address
 a URL has two main components:
 Protocol identifier
 Resource name

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 URL
 The format of the resource name depends entirely on
the protocol used, but for many protocols, including
HTTP, the resource name contains one or more of the
components listed in the following table
 Host Name:The name of the machine on which the resource lives.
 Filename: The pathname to the file on the machine.
 Port Number:The port number to which to connect (typically optional).
 Reference: A reference to a named anchor within a resource
that usually identifies a specific location within a file (typically
optional).
 http://www.gamelan.com:8080/pages/Gamelan.html#note1
 For many protocols, the host name and the filename
are required, while the port number and reference
are optional.
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 URL class
 The URL class provides various constructors for
creating a URL object
 new URL("http", "www.gamelan.com", "/pages/Gamelan.net.html");
 new URL("http://www.gamelan.com/pages/Gamelan.net.html");
 new URL("http", "www.gamelan.com", 80, "pages/Gamelan.html");
 Each of the URL constructors throws a MalformedURLException if the
arguments to the constructor refer to a null or unknown protocol.
 URLs are "write-once" objects. Once you've created a URL object,
you cannot change any of its attributes (protocol, host name,
filename, or port number)
 The URL class provides several methods that let you query URL
objects.
 the URL's openStream() method return a stream from which the
contents of the URL can be read
 the URL's openConnection() method open a connection to it
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 URLConnection
 The abstract class URLConnection is the superclass of
all classes that represent a communications link
between the application and a URL.
 Instances of this class can be used both to read from and to
write to the resource referenced by the URL.
 In general, creating a connection to a URL is a
multistep process:
1. The connection object is created by invoking the
openConnection method on a URL.
2. The setup parameters and general request properties are
manipulated.
3. The actual connection to the remote object is made, using the
connect method.
4. The remote object becomes available. The header fields and
the contents of the remote object can be accessed
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 URLConnection
 The following methods are used to access the header
fields and the contents after the connection is made to
the remote object:
 getContent
 getHeaderField
 getInputStream
 getOutputStream
 Certain header fields are accessed frequently by:
 getContentEncoding
 getContentLength
 getContentType
 getDate
 getExpiration
 getLastModifed
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 URLEncoder
 The URLEncoder class contains a utility method for
converting a String into a MIME format called "x-www-
form-urlencoded" format.
 To convert a String, each character is examined in turn:
 The ASCII characters 'a' through 'z', 'A' through 'Z', '0'
through '9', and ".", "-", "*", "_" remain the same.
 The space character ' ' is converted into a plus sign
'+'.
 All other characters are converted into the 3-character string
"%xy", where xy is the two-digit hexadecimal representation of
the lower 8-bits of the character.
 This class is basically used for converting text strings to
a suitable form useable as part of an URL
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