Lecture-1-Engineering Material
Lecture-1-Engineering Material
Lecture-1-Engineering Material
Engineering materials refers to the group of materials that are used in the
The selection of material for the required functioning application is based on the
following factors:
Some metals such as mercury are also in liquid state at normal temperature.
Low-Alloy Steel
Low-alloy steels, also commonly called alloy steels, contain less than about
8% total alloying ingredients.
Low-alloy steels are typically stronger than carbon steels and have better
corrosion resistance.
Some low-alloy steels are designated as high-strength low-alloy (HSLA)
steels.
Tool Steel
Tool steels are primarily used to make tooling for use in manufacturing, for
example cutting tools, drill bits, punches, dies, and chisels.
Alloying elements are typically chosen to optimize hardness, wear resistance, and
toughness.
Stainless Steel
Stainless steels have good corrosion resistance, mostly due to the addition of
chromium as an alloying ingredient.
Stainless steels have a chromium composition of at least 11%.
Passivation occurs with chromium content at or above 12%, in which case a
protective inert film of chromic oxide forms over the material and prevents
oxidation.
The corrosion resistance of stainless steel is a result of this passivation.
The table below shows the typical compositions of stainless steels:
Austenitic Stainless Steel
Ferritic stainless steel has high chromium content and medium carbon content.
It has good corrosion resistance rather than high strength.
It generally cannot be strengthened through heat treatment, and can only be
strengthened via cold work.
Martensitic Stainless Steel
Martensitic stainless steel has high carbon content (up to 2%) and low chromium
content.
This higher carbon content is the primary difference between ferritic and
martensitic stainless steels.
Due to the high carbon content, it is difficult to weld. It can be strengthened
through heat treatment.
Common applications include cutlery and surgical instruments.
Duplex Stainless Steel
Cast iron is a ferrous alloy containing high levels of carbon, generally greater than
2%.
The carbon present in the cast iron can take the form of graphite or carbide.
Cast irons have a low melting temperature which makes them well suited to casting.
Gray Cast Iron
The addition of magnesium to gray cast iron improves the ductility of the material.
The resulting material is called nodular cast iron because the magnesium causes
the graphite flakes to form into spherical nodules.
It is also called ductile cast iron.
Nodular cast iron has good strength, ductility, and machinability.
Common uses include crankshafts, gears, pump bodies, valves, and machine
parts
White Cast Iron
White cast iron has carbon in the form of carbide, which makes the material hard,
brittle, and difficult to machine.
White cast iron is primarily used for wear-resisting components as well as for the
production of malleable cast iron.
Malleable Cast Iron
2. https://www.electrical4u.com/classification-of-engineering-materials/