SOFTWARE

TWO MONTHS SOFTWARE TRAINING

TRAINING REPORT
UNDERTAKEN AT
“CAD /CAM TECHNOLOGIES AMBALA”
IN
“MECHANICAL ENGINEERING”
ON
“SOLIDWORKS”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE
OF
BACHOLER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

PUNJAB COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,LALRU

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

DR.BEANT SINGH BHUSHAN KUMAR
(HOD, ME) ROLL NO:-1317806
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my profound gratitude to our H.O.D and all the faculty members of
the Mechanical Department for taking pains to guide me in the preparation of
this project report. It is a previlege to express my heartist thanks to all
members of CAD/CAM TECHNOLOGIES , Ambala Cantt. for their valueable
suggestions and constructive criticism was like a bacon light and becomes a
source of inspiration during my preparation of this project report.

Name:- Bhushan Kumar

Roll No.:- 1317806

 PREFACE

CAD/CAM is a term which means Computer Aided Design & Computer Aided
Manufacturing. It is the technology concerned with the use of digital computers
to perform certain functions in design and production. Electronics brains in
the form of microprocessors are parts of cars we drive, the planes in which we
fly, the televisions we watch and the automated tools we use to produce such
products. The Computer Aided Design or CAD systems are used to design such
products.

The CAD hardware typically includes computer, one or more

graphics display terminals, keywords and other peripheral equipment. The
CAD software consists of the computer programs to facilitate the engineering
functions of the user company. Examples of these application programs
include stress-strain analysis of components, dynamics response of
mechanisms, heat transfer calculations and customers markers are different.

These factors give rise to differences in CAD systems requirements.

Ultimately CAD/CAM will provide the technology base for the computer-
integrated factory of the future.
 AutoCAD

AutoCAD, developed by Autodesk Inc., is the most popular PC – CAD system

available in the market for 2D only. This design package is a general purpose
computer aided design and drafting application for your computer. The speed
and ease with which a drawing can be prepared and modified using a computer
offer a phenomenal advantage over manual.

Here I’m going to mention a few of the applications for which AutoCAD
is being used today:-

 Architectural drawings of all kinds.

 Drawings for Electronics, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical, Automotives
and Aerospace engineering applications.

AutoCAD Screen

Various components of the initial AutoCAD screen are drawing area, command
window, menu bar, several toolbars, model and layouts, and the status bar
(Fig. 1). A title bar that has AutoCAD symbol and the current drawing name is
displayed on top of the screen.

Figure 1 AutoCAD Screen

 SCREEN COMPONENTS

Drawing Area

The drawing area covers the major portion of the screen. Here we can draw the
objects and use the commands. To draw the objects, we need to define the
coordinate points, which can be selected by using our pointing device

Command Window

Figure 2 Command Window

The command window at the bottom of the drawing area has the command
prompt where we can enter the commands. It also displays the subsequent
prompt sequences and the messages. We can change the size of the window by
placing the cursor on the top edge and then dragging it

Application Status Bar

Figure 3 Application Status Bar

The Status Bar is displayed at the bottom of the screen (Fig. 3). It contains
some useful information and buttons that will make it easy to change the
status of some AutoCAD functions. We can toggle between on and off states of
most of these functions by choosing them.

➢ Coordinates
The coordinates information is displayed on the left corner of the Status Bar.
We can select this coordinate button to toggle between on and off states. If the
COORDS system variable controls the type of display of coordinates.

➢ Snap Mode
The snap mode allows you to move the cursor in fixed increments. If snap
mode is on, the Snap Mode button is chosen in the Status Bar; otherwise it is
not displayed.
➢ Grid Display
The grid lines are used as a reference lines to draw objects in AutoCAD. If the
Grid Display button is chosen, the grid lines are displayed on the screen.

➢ Ortho Mode
If the Ortho Mode button is chosen in the Status Bar, we can draw lines at
right angles only.

➢ Polar Tracking
If we turn the polar tracking on, the movement of cursor is restricted along a
path based on set as the polar angle settings. Choosing the Polar Tracking
button in the Status Bar turns it on. Remember that turning the polar tracking
on, automatically turns off the ortho mode.

➢ Object Snap
When the Object Snap button is chosen in the Status Bar, we can use the
running object snaps to snap a point.

➢ Allow/Disallow Dynamic UCS

Choosing the button allows or disallows the use of dynamic UCS. Allowing the
dynamic UCS ensures that the XY plane of the UCS got dynamically aligned
with the selected face of the model.

➢ Dynamic Input
The Dynamic input button is used to turn the Dynamic Input on or off.
Turning it on facilitates the heads-up design approach because all commands,
prompts and the dimensional inputs will now be displayed in the drawing area
and we do not need to look at the command prompt all the time. This saves the
design time and also increases the efficiency of the user.

➢ Show/Hide Lineweight
Choosing this button in the Status Bar allows you to turn on or off the display
of lineweights in the drawing.
➢ Model
The Model button is chosen by default because you are working in the model
space to create drawings.

➢ Annotation Scale
The annotation scale controls the size and display of the annotative objects in
the model space. The Annotation Scale button has a drop-down list that
displays all the annotation scales available for the current drawing.

➢ Annotation Visibility
This button is used to control the visibility of the annotative objects that do not
support the current annotation scale in drawing area.

➢ Automatically Add Scale

This button, if chosen, automatically adds all the annotation scales that are set
current to all the annotative objects present in the drawing.

➢ Quick Properties
If you select a sketched entity when this button is chosen in the Status Bar,
the properties of selected entity will be displayed in a panel.

COMMANDS

LINE

Line command is used to draw a continuing series of line segments, but each
line segment is a separate object. We can invoke the LINE command from the
Draw toolbar, as shown in fig. 4

Figure 4 Draw Toolbar

We can also invoke the LINE command by entering LINE or L at the command
prompt. Once you have invoked the LINE command, the next prompt, the
Specify first point, requires us to specify the starting point. After first point is
selected, AutoCAD will prompt you to enter the second point at the Specify
next point prompt. At this point we may continue to select points or terminate
the LINE command by pressing ENTER, ESC, or the SPACEBAR. The prompt
sequence of invoking LINE command is as follows:

Command: LINE > Enter

Specify first point: Move the cursor (mouse) and left click to specify the first
point.

Specify next point or [Undo]: Move the cursor and left click to specify the second
point.

Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify the third point.

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Enter.

(Press ENTER to exit LINE command.)

XLINE

The XLINE command can be used to draw construction or projection lines.

These lines are the lines that aid in construction or projection and are drawn
very lightly, when manually drafting. An xline (construction line) is a 3D line
that extends to infinity at both ends. As the line is infinite in length, it does not
have any end points. The prompt sequence of invoking the XLINE command is
as follows:

Command: XLINE > Enter

Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bsect/Offset]: Specify an option or select a

point through which the xline will pass.

PLINE

The PLINE command is used to draw a polyline. A polyline is a line that has
different features. The term POLYLINE can be broken into two parts: POLY and
LINE. POLY means “many”. This signifies that a poly line can have many lines.
Some features of polylines are listed next.

Polylines can be thick lines with a desired width. They are very flexible and can
be used to draw any shape, such as a filled circle or a doughnut.

Polylines can be used to draw objects in any line type.

Advanced editing commands can be used to edit them (for example, the PEDIT
command).
The command prompt for invoking the PLINE command is as follows:

Command: PLINE < Enter

Specify start point: Specify the starting point or enter its coordinates.

Current line width is nn.nnn

Current line width is nn.nnn is displayed automatically, which indicates the

width of the polyline drawn. If we need a different width, invoke the Width
option at the next prompt and set it. Next the following prompt is displayed.

Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify next point or

enter an option.

POLYGON

A regular polygon is a closed geometric figure with equal sides. The number of
side varies from 3 to 1024. For example, a triangle is a three sided polygon and
a pentagon is a five sided polygon. In AutoCAD, the POLYGON command is
used to draw regular 2D polygons. A polygon is said to be inscribed when it is
drawn inside an imaginary circle and its vertices touch the circle. Likewise, a
polygon is circumscribed when it is drawn outside imaginary circle and sides
of polygon are tangent to circle. We can easily choose one option from these two
available options during the invoking process. The prompt sequence of
invoking POLYGON command is given next.

Command: POLYGON < Enter

Enter number of sides <4>: Enter a value between 3 and 1024.

Specify center of polygon: Specify the center point or enter its coordinates.

Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle]: Enter I or C.

Specify radius of circle: Specify the radius of circle, which will inscribe or
circumscribe the polygon.

RECTANGLE

The RECTANGLE command is used to draw rectangles in AutoCAD. We can

draw rectangles by specifying two opposite corners of the rectangle, by
specifying the area and the size of one of the sides, or by specifying the
dimensions of rectangles. The prompt sequence of invoking RECTANGLE
command is as follows:
Command: RECT < Enter

Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]:

Specify first corner point or enter its coordinates.

Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: Specify opposite

corner point or enter its coordinates.

ARC

An arc is defined as a part of a circle. In AutoCAD, it can be drawn using the

ARC command. AutoCAD provides eleven different options to draw an arc. To
view these options, click on Draw option in the Menu Bar, a flyout option will
appear as shown in fig. 5

Figure 5 Options in Menu Bar for Creating an Arc

The default setting is for creating a three point arc. The command prompt for
invoking ARC command is as follows:
Command: ARC < Enter
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: Specify first point of arc or enter its
coordinates.

Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: Specify the through point for arc or
enter its coordinates.

Specify the end point of arc: Specify the end point or enter its coordinates.

CIRCLE

The CIRCLE command is used to draw circles. AutoCAD provides six different
options to draw a circle. To view and choose from the available options, click on
Draw option in the Menu Bar, a flyout will appear as shown in fig. 6

Figure 6 Options in Menu Bar for creating a Circle

The default setting is for creating a circle with Center and Radius option. The
other options can be invoked by entering the appropriate letter in the command
window or by the method stated earlier. The prompt sequence for invoking
CIRCLE command is stated next.
Command: CIRCLE < Enter

Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify center
point or enter its coordinates.

Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: Enter the required value of radius.

ELLIPSE

If a circle is observed from an angle, the shape is called an ellipse, which can
be created in AutoCAD using the ELLIPSE command. An ellipse can be created
by two different options and these options are grouped together in the Draw
option of the Menu Bar as shown in fig.7

Figure 7 Options in Menu Bar for creating an Ellipse

The default setting is for creating an ellipse with Axis and End point option.
The Other options can be invoked by entering the appropriate letter in the
command window or by method stated above. The prompt sequence for
invoking ELLIPSE command is stated next.
Command: ELLIPSE < Enter

Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: Enter coordinates of axis end

point or choose an option.

Specify other endpoint of axis: Specify other end point or enter its coordinates.

Specify distance to the other axis or [rotation]: Specify the half length of second
axis.

ERASE

After drawing some objects, you may need to erase some of them from the
screen. To erase, we can use ERASE command in AutoCAD. This command is
used exactly the same way as an eraser is used in manual drafting to delete
unwanted information. We can invoke ERASE command from the Modify
toolbar

Figure 8 Modify Toolbar

When we invoke the ERASE command, a small box, known as pick box,
replaces the screen cursor. To erase an object, move the pick box so that it
touches the object. Select the object. AutoCAD confirms the selection by
changing the selected objects into dashed lines and the select objects prompt
returns again. We can continue selecting objects or press ENTER to terminate
object selection and erase the selected objects. The prompt sequence is given
next.

Command: ERASE < Enter

Select objects: Select first object.

Select objects: Select second

object.

Select objects: Enter

COPY

The COPY command is used to copy an existing object. This command makes
copies of the selected objects and places them at specified locations, but the
orignals are left intact. In this command we need to select the objects and
specify the base point. Next we need to specify the second point, this point is
where we want the copied objects to be placed. The prompt sequence that is
followed when you invoke COPY command is given next.

Command: COPY < Enter

Select objects: Select objects to copy.

Select objects: Enter

Specify base point or [Displacement/mOde] <Displacement>: Specify base

point.

Specify second point or <use first point as displacement>: Specify a new

position on the screen using pointing device or entering coordinates.

Specify second point or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: Enter

MIRROR
The MIRROR command creates a mirror copy of the selected objects. The
objects can be mirrored at any angle. This command is helpful in drawing
symmetrical figures. This command is available in Modify toolbar but it can be
invoked by using command window as well. When we invoke this command,
AutoCAD prompts us to select the objects and then the mirror line.

After we select the objects to be mirrored, AutoCAD prompts you to enter

the first point of mirror line and the second point of mirror line. A mirror line is
an imaginary line about which objects are reflected. We can specify the end
point of mirror line by specifying points on screen or by entering their
coordinates. The mirror line can be selected at any angle. The prompt sequence
of invoking MIRROR command is given next.

Command: MIRROR < Enter

Select objects: Select objects to be mirrored.

Select objects: Enter

Specify first point of mirror line: Specify the first endpoint.

Specify second point of mirror line: Specify the second endpoint.

Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: Enter Y for deletion, N for retaining the
objects.
 OFFSET

To draw parallel lines, concentric circles, arcs, curves, and so on, we can use
the OFFSET command. This command creates another object that is similar to
the selected one. Remember that we are allowed to select only one entity at a
time to be offset. While offsetting an object, we can specify the offset distance
and the side to offset, or we can specify a distance through which you want to
offset the selected object. The prompt sequence which follows when we invoke
OFFSET command using command window is given next.

Command: OFFSET < Enter

Specify offset distance or [Through/Erase/Layer] <Through>: Specify the offset

distance.

Through Option

Using this option we do not need to specify a distance; we simply specify an

offset point and the distance between them is stored as offset distance.

Erase Option

The Erase option is used to specify whether the source object has to be deleted
or not.

Layer Option

Use the Layer option to specify whether the offset entity will be placed in the
current layer or the layer of source object.

Specify the object to offset or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: Specify the object to offset.

Specify point on side to offset or <Exit/Multiple/Undo>: Specify a point on side

to offset.

Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: Select another object to offset or

press Enter.

ARRAY

An array is defined as the method of creating multiple copies of the selected

object and arranging them in a rectangular or circular fashion. In some
drawings, we may need to specify an object multiple times in a rectangular or
circular arrangement. For example, suppose you have to draw six chairs
around a table. This job can be accomplished by drawing each chair seperately
or by using the COPY command tomake multiple copies of the chair. But it is a
very tedious process and also the alignment of the chairs will have to be
adjusted. Using ARRAY command, all we need to do is create just one chair
and the remaining five will be created and automatically arranged around the
table by the ARRAY command. This method is more efficient and less time-
consuming.

ARRAY command can be invoked by different methods such as from Modify

toolbar, or by making use of the Command Window, or from the Modify option
of Menu Bar.

RECTANGULAR ARRAY

A rectangular array is formed by making copies of the selected object along the
X and Y directions of an imaginary rectangle (along rows and columns). It can
be created by selecting the Rectangular Array button in the array dialog box
(fig. 9) that appears on invoking ARRAY comand.

ROWS

This edit box is used to specify the number of rows in rectangular array.

COLUMNS

This edit box is used to specify the number of columns in the rectangular
array.

Figure 9 Rectangular Array option in Array dialog box

Offset distance and direction Area

The options under this area are used to define the distance between the rows
and the columns and the angle of array.

Row Offset. This edit box is used to specify the distance between the rows.
We can either enter the distance value in this edit box or choose the Pick Row
Offset button to define the row offset distance by specifying two points on
screen.

Column Offset. This edit box is used to specify the distance between the
columns. We can either enter the distance value in this edit box or choose the
Pick Column Offset button to define the column offset distance by specifying
two points on screen.

Angle of Arrray. This edit box is used to define the angle of array. This is
the value by which the rows and columns will be rotated.

POLAR ARRAY

A polar array is an arrangement of the objects around a point in a circular

fashion. This kind of array is created by selecting the Polar Array button in the
Array dialog box (fig. 10) that appears on invoking ARRAY command.

Figure 10 Polar Array option in Arrray dialog box

CENTER POINT

The center point of the array is defined as the point around which the selected
items will be arranged. It is defined as the center point of the imaginary circle
on whose circumference the items will be placed. The coordinates of the center
of array can be specified in the X and Y edit boxes. We can either enter the
values in these edit boxes or select the center point of array from the screen
using Pick Center Point button.

Method and values Area

The options under this area are used to set the parameters related to the
method that will be employed to create the polar array.

Method. This drop-down list provides us three methods for creating the
polar array.These three methods are discussed next.

Total number of items & Angle to fill. This method is used to create a
polar array specifying number of items in array an the total included angle
between the first and the last item. The number of items and the angle to be
filled can be specified in the Total number of items and Angle to fill edit
boxes respectively. We can also specify the angle to fill on screen by choosing
Angle to fill button provided.

Total number of items & Angle between items. This method is used
when we want to create a polar array by specifying the total number of items in
the array and the included angle between two adjacent items. The angle
between items is also called as incremental angle. The number items and the
angle between the items can be specified in the Total number of items and
Angle between items edit boxes,respectively. We can also specify theangle
between items on the screen by choosing Angle between items button.

Angle to fill & Angle between items. This method is used when we want
to specifyangle between the items and total angle to fill. In this case the
number of items is not specified, but is automatically calculated using the total
angle and angle between the items. The angle to fill and the angle between the
items can be entered in their respective boxes.

MOVE

Sometimes the objects are not located where they should actually be. In
these situations, we can use the MOVE command. This command allows you
to move one or more objects from their current location to a new location. This
change
of location of the objects does not change their size or orientation. On invoking
this command we are prompted to select objects to be moved and the base
point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be
picked and moved.

ROTATE

Sometimes we requires an object or any sketch in angular position.the. In

these situations, we can use the ROTATE command. This command allows you
to rotate one or more objects from their current location to a specific angle.
This change of of the objects does not change their size. On invoking this
command we are prompted to select objects to be rotated and the base point.
This base point is the reference point with which the object will be rotated.

SCALE

With the use of this command, we can increase or decrease the size of any
object or a sketch. Sometimes we requires an object in numbers, only with the
difference of sizes. So in this situation, we can use the SCALE command. This
command allows you to scale one or more objects from the selected base point.
On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be scaled and
the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will
be scaled.

STRETCH

With the use of this command, we can increase or decrease the size of some
selected part of any object in a specific direction. In this command, the sketch
is stretched as much we required. Sometimes we requires an object in
numbers, only with the difference of sizes some part of the sketched object. So
in this situation, we can use the STRETCH command. This command allows
you to stretch the objects from the selected base point. On invoking this
command we are prompted to select the portion to be scaled with the help of
green window and the base point. This base point is the reference point with
which the object will be stretched.

TRIM

With the use of this command, we can remove the line or any sketched entity.
In this command, the sketch is trimmed as much we required. It removes the
extra drawn line or sketch as per our specific requirement. This command
allows you to trim the objects from the selected side. On invoking this
command, we have to right click in the drawing area and we are prompted to
left click on the portion to be trimmed.

EXTEND

With the use of this command, we can increase the line the line upto the
specific point or location. In this command, the sketch is extended as much we
required. It removes the extra drawn line or sketch as per our specific
requirement. On invoking this command, we have to right click in the drawing
area and we are prompted to left click on the portion to be extend.

BREAK AT A POINT

With the use of this command, we can break the line at a point where we
required. In this command, the sketch is broken from that point where we
required. We can create the number of break points as much we required. On
invoking this command, we have to select the line and after that click on that
point from where we want to break the selected line, after using this command
the line or any selected entity will be converted into numbers.

BREAK

With the use of this command, we can break the line with a specific distance or
upto a specific point as much we required. On invoking this command, we
have to select the point on the line and after that click on that point upto
where we want to break the line. After using this command on the line or any
selected entity, there will be space between the slelected points in the line or
entity.

JOIN

With the use of this command, we can join the line drawn or placed in the
same plane. On invoking this command, we have to select the first line and
after that second line placed at the same plane and then right click. After using
this command , there will be no space between the lines or entities.

CHAMFER

This command is used for removing the sharp corners. On invoking this
command, we have to press A then ENTER, after that fill the distance and then
ENTER, then fill the value of ANGLE and ENTER, after that select the line on
which we want to create the chamfer.
 FILLET

This command is used for removing the sharp corners. On invoking this
command, we have to press R then ENTER, after that fill the value and then
ENTER, after that select the lines on which we want to create the radius.

REGION

This command is used for converting the relation of LINE into POLYLINE.
Before using this command the sketch should be closed from all sides. On
invoking this command, we have to select all lines and then right click.

EXPLODE

This command is used for converting the relation of POLYLINE into LINE. On
invoking this command, we have to select the POLYLINE and then right click.

3D MODELING TOOLBARS

➢ MODELING

➢ ORBIT

➢ SOLID EDITING

➢ UCS

➢ VIEW

➢ VISUAL STYLES