Sampling Theoram

A continuous time signal can be represented in its samples and can

be recovered back when sampling frequency fs is greater than or
equal to the twice the highest frequency component of message
signal. i. e.

fs≥2fm.
 Sampling Theoram
y(t)=x(t).δ(t)
A continuous time signal can be represented in its samples and can be recovered
back when sampling frequency fs is greater than or equal to the twice the highest
frequency component of message signal. i. e.

fs≥2fm.
 I
• a
Pulse Modulation
 Aliasing
• The overlapped region in case of under sampling
represents aliasing effect, which can be removed by
considering fs >2fm
• By using anti aliasing filters.
 Pulse Modulation

Analog Pulse Modulation Digital Pulse Modulation

Pulse Amplitude (PAM) Pulse Code (PCM)

Pulse Width (PWM) Delta (DM)

Pulse Position (PPM)

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):

* The signal is sampled at regular intervals such that each sample
is proportional to the amplitude of the signal at that sampling
instant. This technique is called “sampling”.
* For minimum distortion, the sampling rate should be more than
twice the signal frequency.
 Pulse Amplitude Modulator
Analog AND PAM FM
Pulse Shaping PAM - FM
Signal Gate Network Modulator

Pulses at sampling frequency HF Carrier Oscillator

Analog Signal

Amplitude Modulated
Pulses
PMOS:
Gate i/p 0 
Gate i/p 1 x

NMOS: PAM
Gate i/p 1 
Gate i/p 0 x
 PAM
Advantages of Pulse Amplitude Modulation
• PAM is the simplest form of pulse modulation.
• Its implementation is quite easy.
Disadvantages of Pulse Amplitude Modulation
• The transmission bandwidth required is very large.
• Due to the variation in amplitude, the power required by
the generating unit also varies.
• Less immune to noise due to amplitude variation.
Applications of Pulse Amplitude Modulation
It is used in LED lighting, in microcontrollers in order to
produce control signals and in the Ethernet communication
system.
PAM Demodulation
 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Definition: A modulation technique where the width of the pulses of the pulsed
carrier wave is changed according to the modulating signal is known as Pulse
Width Modulation (PWM). It is also known as Pulse duration modulation
(PDM).
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Advantages of Pulse Width Modulation
• It is more immune to channel induced noise than PAM.
• As noise adds to the amplitude thus the reconstruction of
PWM signal from distorted PWM signal is somewhat easy.
• The transmission and reception do not need to be
synchronized.
Disadvantages of Pulse Width Modulation
• Due to changing width of the pulses, variation in transmission
power is also noticed.
• Bandwidth requirement in case of PWM is somewhat larger
than PAM.
Applications of Pulse Width Modulation
It is used in telecommunications, brightness controlling of light or
speed controlling of fans etc.
 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Advantages of Pulse Width Modulation
• It is more immune to channel induced noise than PAM.
• As noise adds to the amplitude thus the reconstruction of
PWM signal from distorted PWM signal is somewhat easy.
• The transmission and reception do not need to be
synchronized.
Disadvantages of Pulse Width Modulation
• Due to changing width of the pulses, variation in transmission
power is also noticed.
• Bandwidth requirement in case of PWM is somewhat larger
than PAM.
Applications of Pulse Width Modulation
It is used in telecommunications, brightness controlling of light or
speed controlling of fans etc.
 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Advantages of Pulse Width Modulation
• It is more immune to channel induced noise than PAM.
• As noise adds to the amplitude thus the reconstruction of
PWM signal from distorted PWM signal is somewhat easy.
• The transmission and reception do not need to be
synchronized.
Disadvantages of Pulse Width Modulation
• Due to changing width of the pulses, variation in transmission
power is also noticed.
• Bandwidth requirement in case of PWM is somewhat larger
than PAM.
Applications of Pulse Width Modulation
It is used in telecommunications, brightness controlling of light or
speed controlling of fans etc.
 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Advantages of Pulse Width Modulation
• It is more immune to channel induced noise than PAM.
• As noise adds to the amplitude thus the reconstruction of
PWM signal from distorted PWM signal is somewhat easy.
• The transmission and reception do not need to be
synchronized.
Disadvantages of Pulse Width Modulation
• Due to changing width of the pulses, variation in transmission
power is also noticed.
• Bandwidth requirement in case of PWM is somewhat larger
than PAM.
Applications of Pulse Width Modulation
It is used in telecommunications, brightness controlling of light or
speed controlling of fans etc.
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
 Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
• The information is transmitted with the varying position of the
pulses in pulse position modulation.
• The basic idea about the generation of a PPM waveform is
that here, as the amplitude of the message signal increases,
the pulse shifts according to the reference.
• As we have already discussed in PWM that due to the
variable width of the pulses, the transmission power also
varies accordingly. However, this is not the case with PPM as
here the width of the pulses remains constant and only their
position varies. Thus, transmission power does not show
variation.
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
 Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
Advantages of Pulse Position Modulation
• Similar to PWM, PPM also shows better noise immunity as
compared to PAM. This is so because information content is
present in the position of the pulses rather than amplitude.
• As the amplitude and width of the pulses remain constant.
Thus the transmission power also remains constant and does
not show variation.
• Recovering a PPM signal from distorted PPM is quite easy.
• Interference due to noise in more minimal than PAM and PWM.
Disadvantages of Pulse Position Modulation
• In order to have proper detection of the signal at the receiver,
transmitter and receiver must be in synchronization.
• The bandwidth requirement is large.
Applications of Pulse Position Modulation
The technique is used in an optical communication system, in
radio control and in military applications.
 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
When a digital signal undergoes Pulse Code Modulation, it converts
the analog information into a binary sequence (1 and 0). Through the
demodulation process, we can obtain the original analog signal. The
figure below represents the output of the PCM signal with respect to
the sine wave.
 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
When a digital signal undergoes Pulse Code Modulation, it converts
the analog information into a binary sequence (1 and 0). Through the
demodulation process, we can obtain the original analog signal. The
figure below represents the output of the PCM signal with respect to
the sine wave.
Pulse code modulations are of two types:
Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM)
Adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM)

• Differential pulse-code modulation is a signal encoding process

which adds functionalities based on the prediction of the samples of
the signal.
• Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation is a technique in
which the size of the quantization step is varied, to allow the further
reduction of the required data bandwidth to a given signal-to-noise
ratio.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Advantages
Pulse Code Modulation is used in long-distance communication.
The efficiency of the transmitter in PCM is high.
Higher noise immunity is seen.
Efficient method.
Disadvantages
The bandwidth requirement is high.
PCM is a complex process, since it involves encoding, decoding
and quantization of the circuit.
Applications of Pulse Code Modulation
It is used in telephony and compact discs.
Pulse Code Modulation is used in satellite transmission systems
and space communications.
Differential PCM
Differential PCM
Differential PCM
Differential PCM Receiver
 Delta Modulation
The type of modulation, where the sampling rate is much higher and in
which the step size after quantization is of a smaller value Δ, such a
modulation is termed as delta modulation.

Features of Delta Modulation:

• An over-sampled input is taken to make full use of the signal correlation.
• The quantization design is simple.
• The input sequence is much higher than the Nyquist rate.
• The quality is moderate.
• The design of the modulator and the demodulator is simple.
• The stair-case approximation of output waveform.
• The step-size is very small, i.e., Δ delta.
• The bit rate can be decided by the user.
• This involves simpler implementation.

Delta Modulation is a simplified form of DPCM technique, also viewed as 1-bit

DPCM scheme. As the sampling interval is reduced, the signal correlation will be
higher.
Delta Modulator
Delta Modulator
Delta Modulator
Delta Modulator
Delta Modulator
Delta Demodulator
Delta Demodulator
 Delta Demodulator
Advantages of DM Over DPCM
• 1-bit quantizer
• Very easy design of the modulator and the
demodulator
Disadvantages:

• However, there exists some noise in DM.

• Slope Over load distortion (when Δ is small)
• Granular noise (when Δ is large)
 Quantization Error
Slope Overload and Granular noise
 Adaptive Delta Demodulator
• In digital modulation, we have come across certain
problem of determining the step-size, which influences
the quality of the output wave.
• A larger step-size is needed in the steep slope of
modulating signal and a smaller stepsize is needed
where the message has a small slope. The minute
details get missed in the process. So, it would be better
if we can control the adjustment of step-size, according
to our requirement in order to obtain the sampling in a
desired fashion. This is the concept of Adaptive Delta
Modulation.
Adaptive Delta Demodulator
 Adaptive Delta Demodulator
• The gain of the voltage controlled amplifier is adjusted
by the output signal from the sampler. The amplifier
gain determines the step-size and both are proportional.

• ADM quantizes the difference between the value of the

current sample and the predicted value of the next
sample. It uses a variable step height to predict the next
values, for the faithful reproduction of the fast varying
values.