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Bubble Point and Dew Point

The document discusses phase equilibria, including binary system phase diagrams, Dalton's law, Raoult's law, the Antoine equation, calculating bubble points and dew points, vapor pressure, and the theory of distillation.

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Hassan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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16 views

Bubble Point and Dew Point

The document discusses phase equilibria, including binary system phase diagrams, Dalton's law, Raoult's law, the Antoine equation, calculating bubble points and dew points, vapor pressure, and the theory of distillation.

Uploaded by

Hassan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Phase Equilibria

TODAY’S AGENDA

• Binary system phase diagram


• Dalton’s Law
• Raoult’s law
• Antoine Equation
• Phase Equilibria and governing equations
• Bubble point and dew point calculation
Binary System Phase Diagram
V
Va
p ou
rou
T sC
ur
L+V ve Tdew
L iq
uid
ou
sC Tbubble
ur
ve
L

0% A 100% A
100%B
x,y 0%B
Temperature-Composition Diagram
LET’S SAY THAT
For a binary system:
A = More Volatile Component
B = Less Volatile Component

“yi” is the mole fraction of component i in gas phase

“xi” is the mole fraction of component i in liquid phase


Vapor Pressure (p ) o

• It is a physical property like density,


viscosity and heat capacity.
• It is the pressure exerted by the liquid
at a specific temperature.
• Many equations relate the vapor
pressure to temperature, for example:

A a constant specific to the liquid


DH Latent heat of vaporization

5
Vapor Pressure

Evaporation takes
place when the vapor
pressure of a liquid is
equal to or greater
than the applied
pressure.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ON_irzFAU9c&ab_channel=DanStefanescu

6
Dalton’s Law
This equation is applied for GAS PHASE ONLY

Partial pressure of component i is equal to the mole fraction


multiplied by the total pressure

𝑝𝑖
𝑝 𝑖 =𝑦 𝑖 𝑃 𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑦 𝑖=
𝑃 𝑡𝑜𝑡
𝐩𝐎 = 𝐲 𝑶 𝑷𝑻
𝟐 𝟐

𝐩𝐍 = 𝐲 𝑵 𝑷 𝑻
𝟐 𝟐
Rauolt’s law
This equation is used to calculate vapor pressure for liquid mixture
(interface between liquid and vapor phase)

The partial pressure of an ideal solution is dependent on the vapor


pressure of each chemical component and the mole fraction of the
component present in the solution.
𝒑 𝑩 =𝒙 𝑩 𝑷 𝒐𝑩
𝒑 𝑻 =𝒙 𝑻 𝑷 𝒐𝑻
𝑜
𝑝 𝑖 =𝑥 𝑖 𝑃 𝑖
Benzene & Toluene
Vapor Pressure-
• The vapor pressure is a physical property of the material that is a
function of temperature.
• There are many equation used for calculating the vapor pressure.
• Most common one for ideal systems is Antoin’s equation

𝒐 𝑩𝒊
𝐥𝐧 𝑷 = 𝑨 𝒊 −
𝒊
𝑪 𝒊+ 𝑻
The general equilibrium relation for ideal
multicomponent systems
At equilibrium

The most used form of equilibrium relation for liquid-vapour systems


(Either ideal or non-ideal, binary or multicomponent)
THEORY OF DISTILLATION
For any system, once it’s in the wet
region, it splits into two phases in y
equilibrium each of different T
compositions.
The compositions of the two phases x
can be determined using “TIE LINE”
𝑦=𝑘 .𝑥

0% A 100% A
100%B
x,y 0%B
Calculating Tbubble
Bubble point is the temperature at
T
which JUST ONE bubble of gas
evaporates and is in equilibrium
with the liquid whose composition y

will not be affected. Tbubble


x

0% A xf 100% A
100%B 0%B
Calculating Tbubble (cont’d)
Then xi=xFi
T
And yi=KixFi
Where Ki=Poi/PT y
TO GET Tbubble: Tbubble
1. Assume Tbubble x=xfeed

2. Calculate yi’s
3. Calculate Syi
if Syi=1 OK
else reassume Tbubble 0% A xf 100% A
100%B 0%B
Calculating Tdew
Dew point is the temperature at
T
which JUST ONE drop of liquid
condenses and is in equilibrium y=yfeed
with the vapour whose composition Tdew
will not be affected. x

0% A yf 100% A
100%B 0%B
Calculating Tdew (cont’d)
Then yi=xFi
T
And xi=yFi/Ki
y
Where Ki=Poi/PT Tdew

TO GET Tdew: x

1. Assume Tdew
2. Calculate xi’s
3. Calculate Sxi
if Sxi =1 OK 0% A yf 100% A
else reassume Tdew 100%B 0%B

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