FINITE ELEMENT

METHOD/ANALYSIS

PRESENTED BY
DR. PRANSHU TOMER
PG
1 STUDENT

DEPT. OF ORTHODONTICS &

DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS
CONTENTS:
• Introduction • Morphological Analysis
• History • Biomechanics of bone remodeling in
• Principle orthodontic models

• Steps of FEM • Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM)

models
• Elements and Nodes
• Dento-facial orthopedics modeling
• Advantages
• FEM in orthodontic tooth movement
• Disadvantages
• Limitations of FEM
• Uses of FEM
• Conclusion
• The FEM 2
INTRODUCTION:

 Finite Element Method (FEM) is a mathematical method where the shape of

complex geometric objects and their physical properties are computer
constructed.

 Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a modern tool for numerical stress analysis, which
has the advantage of being applicable to solids of irregular geometry that contain
heterogeneous material properties.

 The finite element analysis provides the orthodontist with quantitative data that
can extend the understanding of physiologic reactions that occur within the 3

dentoalveolar complex.
HISTORY
 The history of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) dates back to 1943 when R. Courant
first developed this technique

 Later in 1956, Turner MJ et al. published a paper, establishing broader definition

of numerical analysis. The paper centered on the "stiffness and deflection of
complex structures".

 The term “Finite Element” was coined by Argyris and Clough in 1960.
4

 FEM was introduced in implant dentistry in 1976 by Weinstein.

 Melvin Moss et al. publish a study on Craniofacial growth of rat skulls; “Finite
element method modeling of craniofacial growth” in AJODO June 1985.

 Kazuo Tanne et al published an article on “Three-dimensional finite element

analysis for stress in the periodontal tissue by orthodontic forces” in AJODO Dec
1987.

5
• Kazuo further studied Biomechanical effect of anteriorly directed extraoral forces
on the craniofacial complex using Finite element method. In 1989.

• Joydeep Ghosh and Ram S. Nanda did a study on ceramic brackets in “Ceramic
bracket design: An analysis using the finite element method” in AJODO Dec 1995.

6
 PRINCIPLE OF FEM

• FEM is a technique for obtaining a solution to a complex mechanical problem by

dividing the problem domain into a collection of much smaller and simpler domains
(elements) in which the field variables can be inserted with the use of shape
function. These elements are connected at specific locations called nodal points.

7
• Every element is assigned one or more parameters, that defines its material
(stiffness) behavior.

• The computer program calculates the stiffness characteristics of each element

and assembles the element mesh through mutual forces and displacements in
each node.

8
• The principal of FEM is based on the division of a complex structure
into smaller sub sections called as elements, in which the physical
properties are applied to indicate the object response against an
external stimulus which could be even an orthodontic force.

9
• The results of FEM is based upon the nature of the modeling systems and for
that reason, the procedure for modeling is most important.

Post
Pre processing Processing
Processing

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STEPS OF FEM:
1. The geometric model construction

2. The geometric model to a Finite element analysis model

conversion

3. Data representation of the material properties Pre processing

4. The boundary condition defining

5. Application of the load

6. Solution to the linear algebraic equation system. Processing

11

7. Analyzing the results. Post Processing

THE GEOMETRICAL MODEL CONSTRUCTION
• It is the first
requirement for the
analysis of the
geometrical model.
These can be created
either in analysis
software or the model
can be created also in The model has to be saved with extension .iges
any CAD software and or .igs or .sat to achieve this. The usage of a
can be imported to the computed tomography image (CT img) can be
analysis software. done to serve as a geometrical model. 12
DISCRETIZATION PROCESS

• Discretization is the process of dividing problem into several small elements,

connected with nodes.

• All elements and nodes must be numbered so that a setup of matrix

connectivity is established which reduces computing time.

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• The elements could be one, two or three-dimensional and in various shapes.

• It is essential that the elements are not overlapping but are connected only
at the key points, which are termed nodes.

• The joining of elements at the nodes and eliminating duplicate nodes is

termed as ‘Meshing’.

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15
1D ELEMENTS

16
2D ELEMENTS

17
3D ELEMENTS

18
NODES

19
APPLYING MATERIAL PROPERTIES

• The mechanical properties such as young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio etc., are
defined to the component in this particular step.
• This is done to feed the values for calculation of the solution. These values
mark the natural properties to the built up model so that it can behave and
react in the same manner as that of a natural biologic body would, when
subjected to external stimuli (stress).

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DEFINING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND
NATURE OF PROBLEM

• The boundary condition is chosen depending upon the mode of analysis

such as structural, dynamic, thermal, fluid etc.

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APPLICATION OF LOAD
• After the application of boundary conditions, the discretized domain is
applied to the known loads. The application of loads will depend upon the
geometry of the component used.

• The nodes are applied with loads.

• Different types of loads will include Forces or Moments, pressure, gravity. -
For structural problems

• Gravity, radiation, convection and temperature for thermal problems. 22

SOLUTION OR RESULTS

• The results can be obtained instantly as well as in the most accurate manner.

• Consists of model images which represent levels of stress by various colors

signifying different stress for different colors respectively.

• It can be directly read from a colour chart which is provided with the image.
The results can be further tabulated and subjected to analysis.

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ADVANTAGES OF FEM
It does not require extensive instrumentation.

Any problems can be split into smaller number of problems.

It is an noninvasive technique.

3-D model of the object can be easily generated with FEM.

The actual physical properties of the materials involved can be simulated.

Reproducibility does not affect the physical properties involved.

The study can be repeated as many times as the operator wants.

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DISADVANTAGES OF FEM
The tooth is treated as pinned to the supporting bone, which is
considered to be rigid and the nodes connecting the tooth to the
bone are considered fixed.
This assumption will introduce some error however, maximum
stresses are generally located in the cusp area of the tooth.

The progress in the FEA will be limited until better defined

physical properties for enamel, dentin, periodontal ligament and
cancellous and cortical bone are available.
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USES OF FEM IN ORTHODONTICS

Periodontal Temporomandib
Craniofacial Orthopaedic
stress & tooth ular joint
growth forces
movement dynamics

Orthognathic Orthodontic Brackets & wire

Cephalometrics
surgeries implants designs

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CRANIOFACIAL GROWTH
• According to Moss et al., FEM permits analysis of the skull at a scale
significantly finer than previously possible, by considering cranial structure
as consisting of a relatively large number of contiguous finite elements.

27

Moss M.L., Skalak R, Patel H et al. Finite element method modeling of craniofacial growth. Americal
Journal of Orthodontics. 1985 Jun;87(6):453-72.
Montegi et al., in their study used FEM model by 3D
surface measurement of rapid laser device from human
dried skull and analyzed the changes of facial growth
based on FEM by the volume and the direction of strain.

Montegi N, Tsutsumi S, Watatsuki E. A facial growth analysis based on FEM employing three 28

dimensional surface measurement by a rapid laser device. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 1996
Mar;72(6):323-8.
 PERIODONTAL STRESS & TOOTH
MOVEMENT
• Tanne K et al., investigated the stress levels induced in the
periodontal tissue by orthodontic forces using 3-D FEM and
found that the pattern and magnitude of stresses in the
periodontium from a given magnitude of force were markedly
different, depending on the center of rotation of the tooth.

29
Tanne K, Sakuda M, Burstone C.J. Three-dimensional finite element analysis for stress in the periodontal
tissue by orthodontic forces. Americal Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics. 1987
Dec;92(6):499-505.
• Mestrovic et al used three-dimensional finite element model to analyze the
tooth movement in response to orthodontic forces. They also concluded
that the tipping tooth movement is greater if the force is applied more
gingivally.

Mestrovic S, Slaj M, Rajic P. Finite element method analysis of the tooth movement induced by 30

orthodontic forces. Coll. Antropol. 2003;27 suppl.2:17-21.

• Kojima et al studied the difference in initial tooth movement and long term
tooth movement on finite element simulation of maxillary teeth connected
with the archwire. According to them, location of the center of resistance
could be estimated from the initial tooth movement, assuming the archwire
to be a rigid material.

Kojima Y, Fukui H. A finite element simulation of initial movement, orthodontic movement, and the 31
centre of resistance of the maxillary teeth connected with an archwire. European Journal of Orthodontics.
2011
 ORTHOPAEDIC FORCES
• Tanne K et al, through 3D FEA models of the mandible including the TMJ studied the
biomechanical changes of the mandible from orthopedic chin cup forces. This study
indicated an association of stresses with remodeling of the mandible from chin cup
therapy applied to adolescent patients with mandibular prognathism.

Tanne K, Lu Y.C, Tanaka E, Sakuda M. Biomechanicalchanges of the mandible from orthopaedic chin cup32
force studied in a three-dimensional finite element model. European Journal of Orthodontics. 15(6):527-
33.
 Jafari et al, in their study used 3D FE model of a human dried skull to
analyze the stress distribution patterns within the craniofacial
complex during rapid maxillary expansion via transverse orthopaedic
forces. According to this study, the expansive forces are not restricted
to the intermaxillary suture alone but are also distributed to the
sphenoid and zygomatic bones and other associated structures.

33

Jafari A, et al Study of stress distribution and displacement of various craniofacial structures following
application of transverse orthopaedic forces- a three- dimensional FEM study. Angle Othod. 2003;73:12-20.
 TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYNAMICS
• Gupta et al., evaluated the patterns of stress generation in the TMJ after
mandibular protraction, by using a 3D FEM. They found that mandibular condyle
experiences tensile stresses in the posterosuperior aspect indicating condylar
growth in this direction.

34
Gupta A, et al. A. Stress distribution in the temporomandibular joint after mandibular protraction: A 3-D finite
element method study. Part 1. Americal Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics. 2009 Jun;135(6):737-
 • Another study by Gupta et al.,
using 3D FEM indicated that
increasing the construction bite
height might give more
favorable stress patterns in the
TMJ, thereby improving the
condylar response to functional
appliances.

35
Gupta A, et al . Stress distribution in the temporomandibular joint after mandibular protraction: A 3-D finite element
method study. Part 2. Americal Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics. 2009 Jun;135(6):749-56.
• Katada et al, used 3D FEM to investigate the effects of unilateral horizontal lengthening of
mandibular body and vertical lengthening of the mandibular ramus on the mandible and
TMJ.
• They found out that, mandibular body lengthening applied stress to the anterior region of
the mandibular condyle and the condyle tilted backward.
• The mandibular ramus lengthening applied stress to the posterior region of the mandibular
condyle and the condyle tilted forward.

36
Katada H, Arakawa T, Ichimura K, Sueshi K, Sameshima G.T. Stress distribution in mandible and
temporomandibular joint by mandibular distraction: A 3-dimensional finite element analysis. Bull Tokya Dent
Coll. 2009;50(4):161-68.
 ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERIES

• In orthognathic surgeries patients are too much concerned about their post-
operative facial morphology. The advancement of facial 3D simulation models
and virtual orthognathic surgery gives the patient and the surgeon new way to
interact with each other.

• Obaidellah et a.l, in his paper describes a surgical planning, simulation and

prediction of facial soft tissue appearance with regard to mandibular
advancement through the osteotomy planning system using FEM on 3D facial
models.
37
Obaidellah U.H, Radzi Z, Yahya N.A, Abu Osmam N.A, Merican A.F. The facial soft tissue simulation of
orthognathic surgery using biomechanical model. Biomed 2008:21:751-57.
Chabanas et al., through 3D FE model of face soft tissue predicted face soft
tissue deformations resulting from bone repositioning in maxillofacial surgery.

38

Chabanas M, Luboz V, Payan Y. Patient specific finite element model of the face soft tissues for computer-assisted
maxillofacial surgery. Medical Image Analysis. 2003;7:131-51.
 ORTHODONTIC IMPLANTS
Jiang et al., carried out a finite element analysis to evaluate continuous and
simultaneous variations of orthodontic mini-implant diameter and length and to
identify their optimal ranges in the maxillary posterior region.

They found out that diameter exceeding 1.5mm in combination with the longest
length in safety range was the optimal biomechanical choice.
39
Jiang L, et al. Optimal selections of orthodontic mini-implant diameter and length by biomechanical
consideration: A three-dimensional finite element analysis. Advances in Engineering Software. 2009
Nov;40(11):1124-30.
 Gallas et al., examined 3D bone & implant FE model in which dental implants were
used as orthodontic anchorage. Their study showed- maximum stresses were always
located around the cervical region of the implant, in the marginal bone so preserving
it clinically would maintain the bone-implant interface structurally and functionally.

40
Gallas M.M, Abeleira M.T, Fernandez J.R, Burguera M. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of dental
implants as orthodontic anchorage. European Journal of Orthodontics. 2005;27(1):12-16
 BRACKETS & WIRE DESIGNS
• Ghosh et al., compared six commercially available ceramic brackets with different
designs and FEM was used in stress analysis of them subjected to various forces.

41

Ghosh J, Nanda R.S, Duncanson M.G, Currier G.S. Ceramic bracket design: An analysis using the finite element
method. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics. 1995;108:575-82.
• They found out that stresses were concentrated at corners, edges and other
areas of abrupt change in the shape of the bracket. The stress distribution was
not uniform where the cross-section of the structure changed suddenly and
had large gradients at localized points.

42
Huang et al., studied the torque
capabilities of conventional and self
ligating brackets by using FEM.
They concluded that, active clip of
the Speed bracket reduces torque
play, thereby lowering the torque
moment significantly below the
effective moment.

Huang Y, Keiliq L, Rahimi A, Reimann S, Eliades T, Jager A et al. Numeric modeling of torque 43
capabilities of self-ligating and conventional brackets. American Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopaedics. 2009 Nov;136(5):638-43.
 CEPHALOMETRICS
• According to McIntyre et al.,
FEM is a sensitive morphometric
technique and it can estimate
the shape change of the
structure under examination, in
all directions and at each and
every landmark which is not
possible with Conventional
Cephalometric Analysis.

44
McIntyre G.T., Mossey P.A. Size and shape measurement in contemporary Cephalometrics. European
Journal of Orthodontics. 2003; 25: 231-42.
THE FEM

Three primary considerations in the development of the three-dimensional

finite element tooth model are to be considered; which includes
• Tooth and other periodontal geometry.
• Properties of different materials.
• The configuration of the load applied.

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• Important equations in FEM, where shape functions (N) and the
displacement of the nodes (q), which we are not certain about could attribute
the displacement fields shape and could be equated as follows;

• In Eq. (1) the nodal values (q) are determined by the method of calculating
the equation which is already in a state of equilibrium via formulation which
is made incrementally.

46
• In Eq. (2) q represents the nodal accelerations, M the mass matrix and Fint
and Fext the (nodal consistent) internal and external forces respectively.

• In Eq. (3) B and t represents the traction on the surface.

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• In Eq. (4) Foe denotes the residual or remaining forces and it’s not equal to
zero.

• Prec is a user defined precision. The equilibrium equations are internally

solved. Starting from a trial nodal displacement given as, q0

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• Eq. (5) denotes KT = d Foe/dq, which is considered to be called as the
tangent stiffness matrix.

• The tangent stiffness matrix will be resolved into its parts as well as the
shape.

• The shape aspect of this depends on the shape functions used in FEM.
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 GENERATION OF FEM MODEL
• In a given tooth geometry and structures of the periodontium and its
associated geometry, one can say nodes simply as points that occupies the
corners of the elements which meet each other.

• A specific material property is assigned to individual elements.

• Location of the centre of resistance and centre of rotation of the modelled

tooth will be deeply affected by the modelling of the root as a symmetric
parabolic structure or as a real tooth, as well as root conicity, buccopalatal
vs. mesiodistal bone levels and bone insertion. 50
Aversa, R., et al., A. Non-linear elastic three-dimensional finite element analysis on the effect of endocrown
material rigidity on alveolar bone remodeling process. Dental Materials, 2009:25(5):678-690
• The bone structure replicated with a CT scan is preferred as the
geometrical input data which should be generated for the 3-D model.

• It is suggested to convert the CT image voxel to eight node hexahedral; but

possibility of numerous element creations in the model and unwanted
change in the model’s external shape is the drawback of doing this.

• After these steps, automatically a mesh is produced out as the result of

the software. Material properties are assigned to each element of the
51
model, once the generation of the mesh is done.
 MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
• Morphological analysis provides the tools to extract morphological parameters
of an object.

• The actual values of the parameters extracted depend on the object as well as
the quality of the object representation, i.e. voxel size affects the 3D images
and pixel size would affect the 2D images.

• Higher the resolution better is the analysis quality. TV, BV and Tb.Th, are the
parameters of morphology which are taken into account.
52

Charlebois, M. Constitutive Law for Trabecular Bone in Large Strain Compression. PhD thesis, Technische
Universitat Wien, Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, 2008.
1. Tissue/total volume (TV)

• TV does quantification of the volume in total at the region of interest (ROI).

If bone is to be considered, the entire trabecular bone and the total volume
of its pores along could be considered as the term ‘tissue’.

• It is a simple task to calculate TV, just by taking the product of the total
number of voxels at the region of interest and the volume of a single voxel.
The usage of 2-D images could be an option to obtain the volume. The
volume is computed by assuming the cut thickness to be same as the pixel’s
side length measurement. 53
2. Bone volume (BV)
• By multiplying the number of voxels in the solid objects, one can find out this
parameter and it’s the representation of the 3-D object’s volume in total. Bone
volume (BV) will therefore be interpreted as the solid phase volume.

3. Trabecular thickness (Tb. Th)

• It is the thickness of the rods of the cellular solid.

4. BV/TV
• It is the ratio of bone volume and tissue volume.
54
Bagge, M. A model of bone adaptation as an optimization process. Journal of Biomechanics,
2000:33(11):1349-1357.
BIOMECHANICS OF BONE REMODELING IN
ORTHODONTIC MODELS:
The Dental Components
• Enamel: It is a hard as well as a brittle substance, which is composed of
mainly inorganic materials. Enamel could be categorized as an elastic
material which is linear in nature.

• Cementum: Very few studies focus on characterizing the cementum, either

mechanically or histologically.

55
Cowin, S.C. Themechanical and stress adaptive properties of bone.Annals of Biomedical Engineering,
1983:11(3-4):263-295.
• Dentin: The Dentin is reinforced by radial microscopic tubules. These
tubules are filled with fluid and this gives the dentin a viscoelastic character.
Since the mid-1970’s, studies show its viscoelastic property. Dentin is also
looked as a non-homogeneous and anisotropic material in various recent
experimental model studies.

• Pulp: When literature is reviewed, barely any studies are done to

characterize the properties of dental pulp nor acknowledges its existence.

56
• The crown of the tooth is modeled as one material with 19 GPa modulus of
elasticity, without even considering the 2 components of the crown (enamel,
dentin) independently shows young’s modulus of 80 and 18 GPa
respectively. The Poisson’s ratio is taken as 0.3.

57

Cowin, S. C. and Doty, S. Tissue Mechanics. Springer Verlag, 2007. Ch. 11 : Bone tissue.
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT (PDL)
• Many studies take bilinear elastic nature of PDL; many studies speak or
valuate the anisotropy of the fibers of the PDL. The advantage being, that
it provides more accurate and valid stress calculation for a better
understanding the movements of teeth.

• A Young’s modulus around 0.1 MPa is most likely to represent best of the
linear part of the PDL’s mechanical behavior. Bilinear elastic models are
also found.

Cowin, S. C. Wolff’s law of trabecular architecture at remodelling equilibrium. Journal of 58

Biomechanical Engineering, 1986:108(1):83-88.

• Cattaneo et al.,and Verna et al., introduced a multi-linear model which
responded differently in tension and in compression.

59
ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT (OTM)
MODELS
1. Initial tooth movement
FEM can analyze the stress and its patterns, it can analyze the biomechanics
and determine the final position of the teeth from its initial positions.

Early models in the field of orthodontics were mainly directed to study the
initial movement of the tooth in its socket (no bone remodeling included)
following the implementation of a system of forces and moments by means of
braces or fixed orthodontic appliances.
60
Within the initial tooth movement models, mainly fully linear elastic
homogeneous isotropic models were used. However, now models with non-
uneven bone density are also used where modulus of elasticity is taken into
account. Orthotropic behavior of the bone and the anisotropic nature of PDL
also exist. Studies consider the periodontal ligament to be elastic.

del Pozo, R., et al., Influence of friction at articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint on stresses61
in the articular disk: a theoretical approach with the finite element method. Angle Orthodontist,
2003:73(3):319-327.
2. Long-term tooth movement

After an initial tooth movement under the applied pressure the tooth tries to
stay in that position and tries to attain stability in the newly moved position.

• The FEM analyses the forces and the associated tooth movement within the
model and it all obeys the laws of equilibrium from its initial to final position
under the stipulated time.

Doblaré, M. and García, J.-M. Application of an anisotropic bone-remodellingmodel based on a damage-62

repair theory to the analysis of the proximal femur before and after total hip replacement. Journal of
Biomechanics, 2001:34:1157-1170.
DENTO-FACIAL ORTHOPEDICS MODELING

• Since the early 1980’s, finite element models of maxilla and mandible were
used. The model is built with elements which is comparable or represents the
bone structure and symbolizing its properties.

• The type of materials used for the bone is linear elastic in nature. It is
considered that cortical bone is distinguishable from trabecular bone.
However, the presence/absence of teeth in the cranio-facial models is
variable in nature. 63
• As for the models of the TMJ, the cartilage and the disks are modeled either
as linear elastic materials or as hyper elastic ones.

• The models also include muscle activation of the jaw, either performing an
inverse dynamic analysis to compute the activity of the large amount of
muscles in the face, or modeling a given number of muscles, often by
applying a spring model to describe the muscular forces.

64
BONE REMODELING MODELS

• Earlier the bone in a bone model was technically considered to be a

poroelastic media which is pooled by a liquid. Later models have proposed
the universal mechanical nature of a living substances, here the depth of
biological activity is considered, where as there is also another model which
does not propose the depth of remodeling within the bone
(Phenomenological model)

Doblaré, M. and García, J.-M. Application of an anisotropic bone-remodellingmodel based on a 65

damage-repair theory to the analysis of the proximal femur before and after total hip replacement.
Journal of Biomechanics, 2001:34:1157-1170.
FEM IN ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT

• After analyzing different FEM studies in orthodontics, studies

show the stress distribution patterns are more in the crest of the
alveolar bone, when compared to the periodontal ligament or the
crown or the root of the tooth.

66
• On comparing types of tooth movements, tipping, extrusion and intrusion
result in the greatest stress at the root apex.

• When a vertical force is applied on the buccal surface of the tooth, some
torque may be expected due to the relationship between the point of
application of force and the center of resistance of the tooth.

• In such cases, labial and lingual portion of the apical region of the root
experiences way higher reactive forces to the applied tension.

67
• When the tipping forces where studied, it showed almost same feature of
the stress distribution over the crest of alveolar bone. The tooth and the
bone suffer greatest stress at the cervical level and the PDL at the apex.

• The forces in rotation create the only difference of all the situations, where
the apical stress is comparatively lesser.

68
Frost, H. Skeletal structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU): 1. Redefining Wolff’s law: the
bone modeling problem. The Anatomical Record, 1990; 226(4):403-413.
LIMITATIONS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

• Any errors in modelling or material property assignment or the boundary

conditions application, even wrong forces applied to wrong formulation,
will earn the wrong results.

• It’s a sophisticated and computer dependent or programme dependent

analysis, so at most care should be taken during the modelling stages and
the prior stages before the final run for the results to feed the correct
input data for the expected outcome or results.

69
• It is highly difficult or impossible to replicate the exact living substance into
mechanical models till date due to its complex nature.

• The major limitation is the cost of the FEM study. FEM does not come with
a reasonable price currently in many countries and it is used more for
research purposes.

70
CONCLUSION

• FEM provides a new pathway of research where with less time, money,
animal study models and experiments, orthodontists can analyzed about
various things.
• Although FEM does not exactly simulate biological structures but at least
some of the physical properties can be studied using it. It holds a special
importance as far as orthodontics is concerned which revolve around forces
and stress distribution for desired result.

71
 REFRENCES
1. Moss M.L., Skalak R, Patel H et al. Finite element method modeling of craniofacial growth.
Americal Journal of Orthodontics. 1985 Jun;87(6):453-72.

2. Montegi N, Tsutsumi S, Watatsuki E. A facial growth analysis based on FEM employing three
dimensional surface measurement by a rapid laser device. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 1996
Mar;72(6):323-8.

3. Tanne K, Sakuda M, Burstone C.J. Three-dimensional finite element analysis for stress in the
periodontal tissue by orthodontic forces. Americal Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopaedics. 1987 Dec;92(6):499-505.

4. Mestrovic S, Slaj M, Rajic P. Finite element method analysis of the tooth movement induced by
orthodontic forces. Coll. Antropol. 2003;27 suppl.2:17-21.

5. Kojima Y, Fukui H. A finite element simulation of initial movement, orthodontic movement, and
the centre of resistance of the maxillary teeth connected with an archwire. European Journal
72
of Orthodontics. 2011
6. Tanne K, Lu Y.C, Tanaka E, Sakuda M. Biomechanicalchanges of the mandible from
orthopaedic chin cup force studied in a three-dimensional finite element model. European
Journal of Orthodontics. 15(6):527-33
7. Jafari A, et al Study of stress distribution and displacement of various craniofacial structures
following application of transverse orthopaedic forces- a three- dimensional FEM study.
Angle Othod. 2003;73:12-20.
8. Gupta A, et al. A. Stress distribution in the temporomandibular joint after mandibular
protraction: A 3-D finite element method study. Part 1. Americal Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopaedics. 2009 Jun;135(6):737-48.
9. Gupta A, et al . Stress distribution in the temporomandibular joint after mandibular
protraction: A 3-D finite element method study. Part 2. Americal Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopaedics. 2009 Jun;135(6):749-56.
10. Katada H, Arakawa T, Ichimura K, Sueshi K, Sameshima G.T. Stress distribution in mandible
and temporomandibular joint by mandibular distraction: A 3-dimensional finite element 73
analysis. Bull Tokya Dent Coll. 2009;50(4):161-68.
11. Obaidellah U.H, Radzi Z, Yahya N.A, Abu Osmam N.A, Merican A.F. The facial soft tissue
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