THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamics
Disusun Oleh:
Muhammad Naufal Adrian

Explanation
The Drinking Bird may seem like it can go on forever, with no
external source of energy powering it – in other words, a perpetual
motion machine. But the toy is not a perpetual motion machine –
because according to the laws of physics, continuous motion is
impossible. One reason is the first law of thermodynamics.
The main purpose
One of the main goals of thermodynamics is to describe energy
transfer. We have described two processes as the transfer of
energy – work and heat – and they are interconnected. When a
thermodynamic system works, it loses heat. When work is
done on a system, it gains heat. So heat is converted into work,
and work is converted into heat.
Main idea
The change in internal energy is equal to minus W, the work done on the closed
the change in work plus heat – so system. or by the system. It is important
fundamental that it is known as the first to remember that when we talk about
law of thermodynamics. So that we can changes in internal energy, if heat is
have an equation to use to analyze the transferred into the system, Q is
problem, we write the first law like this: positive, and if heat is transferred out of
The internal energy, U, of a closed the system, Q is negative. And if work is
system, is equal to Q, the heat transfer to done on the system, W is negative.
the system,
And if work is done by the system, then W is positive. Some
textbooks will change the signs, so it's a good idea to know
what the positive and negative meanings are. By now, you will
see that the first law of thermodynamics describes only those
two factors – work and heat – that influence changes in
internal energy.
So, the first law of thermodynamics is just one way to explain
the conservation of energy, which often appears in our lessons
because this law is a central principle of physics. There is
always heat loss, such as friction. Even a small amount means
the movement cannot continue forever. Ultimately, he will run
out of energy needed to carry out the work he does.
Lower first thermodynamics when applied to open
systems has tremendous applicability across industry.
Using this flow, you can predict what the pressure
drop across the nozzle will be or how much energy
the sperm needs to pump the fluid out or how hot it is.
heat transfer in the heat exchanger or how much work
is produced by this turbine. In short, the first law
means conservation of energy or states that energy
changed from one form to another.
here the cylinder has gas in it and it is assumed that
there is no air leakage to the surroundings so this is
an example of a closed system where the mass does
not change assuming this gas absorbs some of the
heat q from the surroundings it is also assumed that
this gas is able to push this piston upwards because
of the high gas pressure so that this gas does work
on the piston with the amount w there are two
energy interactions for this gas it absorbs a certain
amount of heat
Natural process
So, for example, if we put a metal rod between a
hot object and a cold object, then naturally heat
will flow from hot to cold, that's simply a natural
process. happens spontaneously Happens by itself
Heat doesn't flow naturally from cold to hot It just
doesn't happen.
The only way for that to happen is if you pump energy into the
system so for example a refrigerator will take some time taking
the heat energy out of the inside of the refrigerator and
pumping it outside and that's how the refrigerator can cool
those things inside but it takes energy to do it that matter.
How to make it happen
the way you make it happen is you have and for spontaneous processes the
to expend energy to get it over that hill increase in entropy will be greater than
and the same goes for heat heat doesn't zero and that is another statement of the
flow naturally from cold to hot now you second law of thermodynamics for
can make it happen you can pump heat natural processes changes in entropy
to warm a particular environment heat will be greater than zero natural systems
pumps do just that but require the energy tend towards disorder so for example if
to do so now as heat flows from hot to you clean your room it takes energy and
cold this is a spontaneous process energy to clean the room You naturally
tend to have a messy and dirty room and
things like that but it takes effort to
clean it
Conservation of energy
The first law explained most fundamentally
highlights the conservation of energy. Energy
is neither created nor destroyed, but only
changes form, from potential energy to kinetic
energy to heat energy, and so on.
Conservation of energy
The 2nd law introduces a new concept: entropy. entropy
is quite difficult to understand but we can easily
describe entropy as disorder, and the 2nd law states that
the sum of the entropy of a system and its environment
must always increase. in other words, the entropy or
disorder of the universe always increases, in a system
there is also a tendency towards higher entropy.
How energy is distributed in a system?
it is enthalpy, a thermodynamic quantity we studied
earlier that more accurately describes the energy of a
system. as we will see, enthalpy and entropy are closely
related to tell us something about the Gibbs free energy
of a system. G, or Gibbs free energy tells us whether a
process will occur spontaneously or not, meaning it just
happens.
Gibbs free energy change
The change in Gibbs free energy is given by this equation which includes the
change in enthalpy, change in entropy, and temperature. if delta G is negative
then the process is spontaneous, if positive then the process is not spontaneous.
so we can use this equation to see how a spontaneous process can be beneficial
enthalpically or entropically, or both, but not both. for example if delta H is
negative which means it is exothermic and energetically favorable, and delta S
is positive which means an increase in entropy which is also beneficial, then
negative minus positive will always be negative or spontaneous.
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Thermodynamics

Muhammad Naufal Adrian

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