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    Chapter3purposivecom 201108134308

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    Chapter3purposivecom 201108134308

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    caraaatbong
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    Chapter3purposivecom 201108134308

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    caraaatbong

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 29

    ?

    ?? ?

    ?
    I am the biggest alphabet, as I contain the most water in the
    world. Who am I?

    Which letter of the alphabet is standing right in front of you?

    I had big Limbs in my left arm and long fingers in my right arm.
    What am I?

    What letter of the alphabet is a drink?

    I'm in you, but not in him, I go up, but not down, I'm in the colosseum,
    But not a tower, I'm in a puzzle, but not a riddle.

    It is in a rock but not in stone, It is in marrow but not in bone. It is in a


    bolster but not in bed. It's not in the living, and not in the dead.

    The beginning of evening, the end of time and space, the beginning of
    every end, and the end of every place.
    What letter is it?
    “Isolated cultures stagnate; cultures that communicate with
    other evolve.”

    -T. Sowell, Race and Culture


    1994
    🞂 ​ Communication can be a challenging activity
    because of the highly pluralistic nature of the
    people participating in the communication
    process. Each participant may differ in
    cultural, social and biological backgrounds,
    which are all critical factors to effective and
    successful intercultural communication.
    🞂 ​ Instancesthere are that these differences may
    lead speakers to misinterpretation or
    misunderstanding. So in order to understand
    communication within and outside the
    context of one’s culture, it is necessary to
    identify first the challenges that may be
    encountered, then the form of intercultural
    communication, and the ways on how to
    improve communicative competence in
    multicultural settings.
    🞂 ​ Living
    in a globalized world, you encounter
    people with diverse cultural backgrounds. Such
    interactions occur in a social, educational,
    political and commercial settings.

    🞂 ​ Hence,in today’s era of increased global


    communication, it is imperative to understand
    intercultural communication for us to enhance
    our intercultural awareness and competence.
    Intercultural competence is essential for us to
    live harmoniously despite our differences in
    culture.
    🞂 ​ It
    has become a widespread notion that speakers’
    use of different languages results in intercultural
    miscommunication and misunderstanding. As
    Scollon and Scollon (1995) state:

    “When we are communication with people who


    are very different from us, it is very difficult to
    know how to draw inferences about what they
    mean, and so it is impossible to depend on
    shared knowledge and background for confidence
    in our
    interpretation.”
    🞂 ​ Indeed,
    the lack of shared knowledge and
    beliefs and cultural diversity make it more
    complicated to arrive at the correct inference
    or interpretation of meanings. But it can also
    be argued that English is now a global lingua
    franca. In fact, with the ASEAN integration,
    English has been declared the official or
    working language of ASEAN. So with just one
    language to be spoken or used by many
    countries including the 10 member countries
    of the ASEAN, what else can go wrong?
    🞂 ​ It
    is thus important to emphasize that the
    ownership of English cannot be attributed to
    just one country or to those who use it as a
    native or home language. The varieties of
    English spoken by different speech
    communities have evolved for a reason. They
    use it for communal purposes. These
    varieties have been heavily influenced by the
    local culture and its speakers.
    🞂 ​ Communication is like a kaleidoscope.
    Many units of different sizes, shapes, and
    color make up the whole picture. Any
    action, shift, or change adjusts the pattern
    and the relationship of all of the units to
    each other, thereby altering the picture.
    a.Interracial communication –
    communicating with people from different
    races
    b.Interethnic communication – interacting
    with people of different ethnic origin
    c.International communication –
    communicating between representatives from
    different nations.
    d.Intracultural communication –
    interacting with members of the same racial
    or ethnic group or co-culture
    🞂 ​ According
    to Gamble and Gamble (2008),
    communication style among cultures differs,
    it may be high context or low-context
    communication.

    communication is a tradition-
    🞂 ​ High-context
    linked communication system which adheres
    strongly to being indirect. Low-context
    communication is a system that works on
    straightforward communication.
    🞂 ​ Thefollowing guidelines may help you
    enhance your ability to communicate
    effectively across cultures (Gamble & Gamble,
    2008):
    1.Recognize the validity and differences
    of communication styles among people.
    2.Learn to eliminate personal biases
    and prejudices.
    3.Strive to acquire communication
    skills necessary in a multicultural world.
    🞂 ​ Thespoken mode is often associated with
    everyday registers while the written mode is
    strongly associated with academic registers.
    However, this is not always true. For instance, in
    everyday communication, face to face
    conversations are usually supplemented by text
    messaging. In academic contexts, significant
    forms of oral communication are used along with
    written communication. Significantly, both every
    day and academic communications are
    characterized by multi-modality or the use of
    multiple modes of communication, including
    spoken, written modes and images, music,
    videos, gestures, etc.
    🞂 ​ Lin
    (2016) presents the following nature of
    language variation as prescribed by most
    linguists based on the ideas of Mahboob
    (2014).

    1.Language varies when communicating


    with people within (local) and outside (global)
    our community.
    2. Language varies in speaking and in
    writing.
    3.Language varies in everyday and
    specialized discourses.
    There are five language registers. Each level has an
    appropriate use that is determined by differing
    situations.

    a. Frozen

    🞂 ​ Thisstyle of communication rarely or never


    changes. It is “frozen” in time and content. This
    is official business and educational language
    which features complete sentences and specific
    word choice, which often contains archaisms.
    Example:

    🞂 ​ We,
    the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the
    aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and
    humane society, and establish a Government that
    shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote
    the common good, conserve and develop our
    patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our
    posterity, the blessings of independence and
    democracy under the rule of law and a regime of
    truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace,
    do ordain and promulgate this Constitution
    (Preamble, 1987 Constitution)
    b. Formal/Academic

    🞂 ​ This
    language is used in formal setting and is
    one-way. This use of language usually follows a
    commonly accepted format. It is generally
    impersonal and formal. It is often used to show
    respect. Word selection is more sophisticated,
    and certain words are always or never used
    depending on the situation. In a formal register,
    the story structure focuses on the plot: It has a
    beginning and ending and it weaves sequence,
    cause and effect, characters, and consequences
    into the plot.
    Example:

    🞂 ​ “Thestrongest reason why we ask for woman a


    voice in the government under which she lives; in
    the religion she is asked to believe; equality in
    social life, where she is the chief factor; a place in
    the trades and professions, where she may earn
    her bread, is because of her birth right to self-
    sovereignty; because, as an individual, she must
    rely on herself (a speech delivered by Elizabeth
    Cady Stanton (1892).”
    c. Consultative

    🞂​ It is a standard form of communications. Users


    engage in a mutually accepted structure of interfaces.
    It is formal and societal expectations accompany the
    users of speech. This register can be described as
    two-way participation, professional setting,
    background information is provided (prior knowledge
    is not assumed), interruptions and feedback fillers
    allowed (“uh-huh,” “I see”), more complex syntax, and
    longer phrases. Sentence structure need not be
    complete, since non-verbal assists, hand movements
    and body language, are often used to convey
    meaning
    Example:

    🞂​ Patient: Hello doctor! Can you spare me a few minutes?


    🞂​ Doctor: Certainly! Come in and sit down. Now, what is the matter with
    you?
    🞂​ Patient: I seem to be generally out of sorts. I have no appetite for my
    food, and yet I am always suffering from indigestion.
    🞂​ Doctor: Are you troubled with headaches?
    🞂​ Patient: Yes, I am. And what is worse I cannot sleep at night.
    🞂​ Doctor: I see. What is your work?
    🞂​ Patient: I am a clerk in an office, and have to work for long hours.
    🞂​ Doctor: I see, Well, you are evidently run down and need a rest and
    change. All your troubles are signs of nervous exhaustion. I will give you
    a nerve tonic, but the main thing is rest. If you do as I say, you will soon
    be alright.
    🞂​ Patient: Thank you, doctor. I will follow your advice.
    🞂​ Doctor; Let me know how you get on.
    🞂​ d. Casual/Informal

    🞂​The language used in conversation with friends. A


    casual register is characterized by 400- to 500-
    word vocabulary, broken sentences, and
    interruptions are common. Very informal language,
    idioms, ellipsis, and slang are common. No
    background information
    is provided, “group” language – must be a member to
    use, interruptions are common, and context and non-
    verbal communication are important. General word
    choice and conversation are dependent upon non-
    verbal assists. The focus of the story is
    characterization. It is an indirect, random approach
    with many omissions and does not have a sequence,
    cause, and effect, or consequence.
    🞂​ Example:

    🞂​ Marie: Hey, D! I’m stressing about weight gain on


    Xmas. Got any ideas for me?
    🞂 ​ Diane: It’s only one day, so don’t worry too
    much.
    🞂 ​ Marie: I’m worried I’ll eat a gazillion calories at
    my
    in-laws! 
    🞂 ​ Diane: Just make sure you don’t arrive too hungry,
    have a healthy snack beforehand (nuts, granola bar,
    etc.)
    🞂 ​ Marie: Yeah, you’re right. Thanks, D! You’re the
    best!
    Xx
    🞂 ​ Diane: No worries, M! xx
    🞂 ​ e. Intimate

    🞂 ​ Thiscommunication is private. It is reserved


    for close family members or intimate
    relations. It is non-public, the intonation is as
    crucial as wording and grammar, and often a
    special vocabulary full of coded words is
    used.
    🞂 ​ Example:

    🞂 ​ Husband: Hi honey, how was your day?


    🞂 ​ Wife: Great, We got a lot done. And yours?

    🞂 ​ Husband: Fine, but stressful. Pass me that


    magazine, please.
    🞂 ​ Wife: Here you go, darling.
    In what specific ways can you enhance your
    ability to communicate with people from
    diverse cultures?

    🞂 ​ “Humanbeings draw close to one another by


    their common nature, but habits and customs
    keep them apart.” (Cunfucius) Do you agree
    or disagree? Give concrete situations to
    support your stand.

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