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BIOSTATISTICS
Presented By: Manjusha G. Baravkar M.Pharm Pharma.Chemistry
Seth Govind Raghunath Sable College Of Pharmacy,
Saswad Biostatistics Definition of biostatistics: Statistics applied to the collection, analysis, and interpretation of biological data and especially data relating to human biology, health, and medicine. Application:
In Anatomy and Physiology
To define what is normal or healthy in a population.
To find the limits of normality in variables such as weight and pulse rate
etc. in a population. To find the correlation between two variables such as height and weight,
whether weight increases or decreases proportionately with height.
In Pharmacology To find the action of drug – A drug is given to humans to see whether the
changes produced are due to the drug or by chance.
To compare the action of two different drugs or two successive dosages
of the same drug.
To find the relative potency of a new drug with respect to a standard
drug. In Medicine To compare the efficacy of a particular drug, operation or line of treatment
– for this, the percentage cured, relieved or died in the experiment and control groups, is compared and difference due to chance or otherwise is found by applying statistical techniques. To find an association between two attributes such as cancer and smoking
or filariasis and social class.
To identify signs and symptoms of a disease or syndrome.
Cough in typhoid is found by chance and fever is found in almost every
case. To test usefulness of sera and vaccines in the field- Percentage of attacks
or deaths among the vaccinated subjects is compared with that among the unvaccinated ones to find whether the difference observed is statistically significant. Clinical medicine Documentation of medical history of diseases.
Planning and conduct of clinical studies.
Evaluating the merits of different procedures.
In providing methods for definition of ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’.
Preventive medicine To provide the magnitude of any health problem in the community.
To find out the basic factors underlying the ill- health.
To evaluate the health programs which was introduced in the
community (success/failure)? To introduce and promote health legislation. In Health Planning and Evaluation The methods used in dealing with statistics in the fields of medicine,
biology and public health for planning, conducting and analyzing
data. In carrying out a valid and reliable health situation analysis, including
in proper summarization and interpretation of data.
In proper evaluation of the achievements and failures of a health
programs. In Biotechnology Study of genetic modification of plants and animals to gene therapy,
medicine and drug manufacturing, reproductive therapy, and even
energy production. In all these cases, research is carried out and testing whether or not it has the desired performance. In Community Medicine and Public Health To evaluate the efficacy of sera and vaccines in the field.
In epidemiological studies-the role of causative factors is statistically tested.
To test whether the difference between two populations is real or a chance
occurrence. To study the correlation between attributes in the same population.
To measure the morbidity and mortality.
To evaluate achievements of public health programs.
To fix priorities in public health programs.
To help promote health legislation and create administrative standards for
oral health. It helps in compilation of data, drawing conclusions and making
recommendations. In Genetics Some fundamental aspects in particular the concept of Analysis of Variance, in Human Genetics, while statistical and probabilistic methods are now central to many aspects of analysis of questions is human genetics. The most common areas where one can find an extensive applications of statistical methods in human genetics is * Human Genome Project * Linkage Analysis * Sequencing. In Nutrition Analysis of DNA, RNA, protein, low- molecular-weight metabolites, as well as access to bioinformatics databases. In Dental Science To find the statistical difference between means of two groups.
Ex: Mean plaque scores of two groups.
To assess the state of oral health in the community and to
determine the availability and utilization of dental care facilities.
To indicate the basic factors underlying the state of oral health by
diagnosing the community and find solutions to such problems.
To determine success or failure of specific oral health care
programs or to evaluate theprogram action.
To promote oral health legislation and in creating administrative
standards for oral health care delivery.
In Environmental Science Baseline studies to document the present state of an environment to provide background in case of unknown changes in the future. Targeted studies to describe the likely impact of changes being planned or of accidental occurrences. Regular monitoring to attempt to detect changes in the environment. Sample size: Number of individuals or the no. of observations included in the study is referred as sample size. Main goal of the selection of sample size is to make an inference about population. The determination of sample size is the act of choosing the number of observation or replicates to included in a statistical sample. The sample size used in the study is usually determined on the basis of costs time or convenience of collecting data. Sample size = (Power, inverse function of significance level) (Absolute Difference)2
Importance of sample size:
If the study which is too small is more likely to generate inconclusive ,incorrect or spurious results. This is because smaller sample size will generate or estimate higher variation & these estimate having less useful in modeling & understanding real underlying question of inter Selection of sample size
Study Plan
Compute Specific Sample Parameter Size
Choose Effect Size Importance of sample size
Sample size can be defined as the number of pieces of information,
data points or patients (in medical studies) tested or enrolled in an experiment or study. Statistical importance of having a large sample size Larger studies provide stronger and more reliable results because they have smaller margins of error and lower standards of deviation. (Standard deviation measures how spread out the data values are from the mean. The larger the study sample size, the smaller the margin of error.) Larger sample sizes allow researchers to control the risk of reporting false-negative or false-positive findings. The greater number of samples, the greater the precision of results will be. Factors affecting sample size
• Resources Available- A large
1 sample may ensure precision ,but it may prove to be costly. • Nature of Study- small size make 2 intensive & longitudinal studies large size make extensive study • Sampling Method- Used-Smaller 3 but efficiently selected samples prove to be far better. • Cooperation & attribution- Attrition refers to the condition when people 4 initially willing to participate & leave the sample. • Effect Size- The numerical value 5 summarizing the difference of interest DROPOUTS Definition: Drop-out is a prevalent complication in the analysis of data from longitudinal studies, and remains an active area of research for statisticians and other quantitative methodologists. Types of Dropouts:
• Standar • Stand • Gaussia
• Drop • Pooling d n Dropout Connect out Dropout Dropout Standard Dropout
