STATISTICS???!!! ◾ to effectively conduct research ◾ to be able to read journals ◾ to further develop critical and analytic thinking skills. ◾ to know when you need to hire a statistician Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing and analyzing information in order to draw conclusions. COLLECT
ORGANIZE
SUMMARIZE
ANALYZE
DRAW CONCLUSIONS
MAKE DECISION 25,000 U.S. Deaths Linked to Sugary Drinks
In a study that's sure to shake up the soda ban debate,
Harvard researchers have linked the sugary drinks to 180,000 deaths a year worldwide, 25,000 in the United States alone. Singh and colleagues spent five years putting the pieces together. Using data from national health surveys around the world, the team tied sugar-sweetened beverages to 133,000 deaths from diabetes, 44,000 deaths from cardiovascular diseases and 6,000 deaths from cancer in 2010. Low Heart Disease Risk for Vegetarians
Going meatless gives vegetarians a 32 percent lower heart
disease risk than non-vegetarians, a British study found, offering further proof that eating meat can be hazardous to health. The study, published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, involved 44,561 people enrolled in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)- Oxford Study, which began in England and Scotland in 1993. To guess is cheap, To guess wrongly is expensive. There is a way that seems right to a man, but its end is the way to death. Proverbs 14:12 1. Descriptive Statistics ➢ Organization of data ➢ summarization, and ➢ display of data.
2. Inferential Statistics ➢ drawing conclusions (from sample to population) ➢ Generalizing results ➢ Making predictions ➢ HypothesisTesting Problem1: Determine whether the following statements use the area of descriptive or inferential statistics. 1) The average number of library users for the last 6 months is 650.
2) 9.5 percent of Filipinos experienced involuntary hunger
in the first quarter of 2019 (inquirer.net, 4/25/2019).
3) The current dengue incidence is 85% higher than in
2018 Population The collection of all individuals or items under consideration in a statistical study.
Sample a part (or subset) of the population from which information is collected Parameter a numerical value summarizing all the data of an entire population
Statistic a numerical value summarizing the sample data OMSC Variables A characteristic that varies from one person or thing to another. Variables are opposite of constants whose values never change.
Data actual values of the variable or the list of observations a variable assumes. Variable
Qualitative Quantitative
Discrete Continuous Are the following qualitative, discrete or continuous variable?
a) Time spent studying for your first statistics exam.
b) Number of typos in a 30-page term paper c) Speed of a car on the highway d) Annual income of college professors e) Student Organizations in OMSC. f) Daily number of library users in a week. g) Tax identification number (TIN) of taxpayers h) Lifetime (in hours) of cell phone batteries i) Distances traveled by a motorcycle Another characteristic of data is its level of measurement. The level of measurement determines which statistical calculations are meaningful. The four levels of measurement, in order from lowest to highest, are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Are the following nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio data?
a) Rankings of tennis player
b) Final grade in the course (A, B, C, D, F) c) Score on the final exam (out of 200 points) d) Bank account number e) Daily temperature (°𝐶) f) The jersey number for NBA players g) Performance rating of employees (O, VS, S) h) Educational Attainment i) Time spent on social media j) Staging of breast cancer as Type I, II, III, or IV 1. Observational Studies In an observational study, the researcher observes what is happening or what has happened in the past and tries to draw conclusions based on these observations.
2. Experimental Studies In an experimental study, the researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variable. OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ◾ Observe patterns that ◾ Impose conditions already exist (treatments) and observe ◾ Do not impose results conditions ◾ Researchers do not influence outcomes Experimental Observational Feature Studies Studies Researchers manipulate Researchers do not Researcher Control variables and control manipulate variables. groups. They observe them. Random assignment to Randomization groups (e.g., treatment vs. No random assignment. control). Strong potential to Can identify Cause and Effect establish cause-and-effect associations but not relationships. causation. Effects of Fertilizer on Effects of Cigarette Plant Growth. Smoking on Health 1. Control. Two or more treatments should be compared. 2. Randomization. The experimental units should be randomly assigned into groups to avoid unintentional selection bias in constituting the groups. 3. Replication. A sufficient number of experimental units should be used to ensure that randomization creates groups that resemble each closely and to increase the chances of detecting any differences among the treatments. ◾ ConfoundingVariables. A confounding variable occurs when an experimenter cannot tell the difference between the effects of different factors on a variable. • Placebo Effect The placebo effect occurs when a subject reacts favourably to a placebo when in fact the subject has been given no medicated treatment at all. To help control or minimize the placebo effect, a technique called blinding can be used. • Hawthorne Effect. The Hawthorne effect occurs in an experiment when subjects change their behavior simply because they know they are participating in an experiment. Independent variable ◾ the variable which is being manipulated by the researcher in an experimental study. It is also called the explanatory variable.
Dependent variable ◾ the variable which is affected or influenced by another variable . It is also known as the resultant or outcome variable. A study of more than 3000 Japanese adults published in the British Medical Journal found that those who ate their meals quickly were about twice as likely to be obese as their slow-munching counterparts. (Source: Readers Digest)
