1

Introduction
The term ‘Galenicals’ is derived by ‘Galen’ the name of
Greek Physician.
• Galenicals: Crude medicinal products made from animal
or vegetable drugs.
• Extraction: Treatment of plant or animal tissue with
solvents to saperate soluble active materials from the
insoluble residue like cell tissues and most of inactive or
inert components.

2
 Importance of Extraction

• Isolation of the active principle

• Reduces the bulk of the crude drug consumption

• Reduces the side effects / adverse effects

• Produces specific therapeutic effect

3
• Menstrum: Solvent used for extraction.

• Marc: The residue left after extracting the desired

constituents.

An ideal menstrum should have the following properties:

• It should be selective
• It should be cheap
• It should be chemically inert and non-toxic
• It should be easily available

4
 Salient Features of Different Menstrums

1. Water:
• Suitable for extraction of drugs containing proteins,
alkaloidal salts, colouring matters, glycosides, gums
sugars, anthraquinone derivatives and tannins
• Act as menstrum for enzymes, many organic acids and
small proportion of volatile oils
• Not suitable for drugs like waxes, fats, fixed oils, and
alkaloidal bases

5
 Advantages

• Cheap

• Solvent for wide range of drugs

• Non-toxic

• It is non-inflammable

• It is plentily available

6
 Disadvantages

• Good media for growth of microbes

• Stabilization or sterilization is must

• Hydrolysis is promoted

• Enzymatic degradation

7
2. Alcohol:

• Suitable for drugs like alkaloids, alkaloidal salts,

glycosides, volatile oils, resins, tannins

• Not suitable for drugs containing gums, waxes, fats, and

fixed oils

8
 Advantages

• Fairly selective

• More stable products are obtained

• Non - toxic

Disadvantages

• Costly

• Used according to excise duties Act

9
 Other Solvents for Extraction of Drugs

Solvents Soluble Properties Examples

constituents
Ether Oils, fats, waxes, Highly inflammable
resins and produces
alkaloidal based physiological
effects, fairly
costly.
Chloroform Oils, fats, waxes, Non- inflammable
resins and produces
alkaloidal based physiological
effects.
Glycerin Tannins Non-inflammable Wild cherry
viscous liquid, syrup
costly

10
Light Oils, fats, Very volatile, highly Tincture of
petroleum waxes, inflammable, cheaper strophanthus, B.P.
resins and than the chloroform
alkaloidal
based

Fixed oils Calciferol, Non-flammable, viscous. Solution of Calciferol.

(Arachis camphor
oils)
Propylene Progester Clear, colorless, Intramuscular
glycol one, odourless, viscous liquid, injection of
phenobarb sweet in taste, progesterone and
itone hygroscopic, miscible with phenobarbitone
water alcohol and sodium.
chloroform, soluble 1 in
10 in ether

11
Principle:
Crude plant drugs contains several constituents and some of
them are medicinally (therapeutically) active.
The therapeutically active constituents are called active
principles.
Other constituents of the plant materials are considered inert
or undesirable.
The important plant constituents are alkaloids, glycosides,
sugars, starches, mucilages, proteins, cellulose, gums, oils,
resins, tannins, inorganic salts and many other substances.
The principle of extraction is the leaching (withdrawal) of the
12

desired constituents by use of solvent(s).

 Methods of Extraction

The efficiency of drug extraction depends on the

following factors:
• Nature of the drug and its solubility in the solvents
• Particle size of drug powder
• Nature of the solvent
• The state of contact between the drug particles and
solvent

13
The various processes used for extraction are
• Infusion

• Decoction

• Maceration

• Percolation

14
 Infusion

Drug is kept in contact with water for the stated

period, 15

minutes, with occasional stirring and finally filtering

the liquid.

• Marc is not pressed.

1. Coffee pot or tea can be used. Drug is placed at

the bottom of the pot, water is added. Stirred for
3-4 times.

15
2. Muslin bag can also be used

• Drug is put in the bag

• Bag is suspended below the level of water in a

beaker

• Stirring is not required

• Water slowly circulates due to increase in

specific gravity of water near the drug

16
• When the active constituents dissolve water becomes
heavier
• Heavier layers come down
• Fresh water replaces
• Special pots- infusion pots are used
• Consists of loose perforated shelf
• Drug is placed on the perforated shelf
• Pot is filled with water
• Perforated shelf is adjusted below the surface of water

17
• Common apparatus used is coffee or tea pot

There are two types of infusions:

• Fresh infusions

• Concentrated infusions

18
1. Fresh infusions:
• Aqueous solutions of active constituents of a vegetable

drug prepared by the process of infusion

• Ex: Fresh infusion of Quassia

• Should be used within 12 hours of its preparation

19
2. Concentrated infusions.
• Prepared by double or triple maceration process

• They are 8 times stronger than the fresh infusions

• Can be stored for longer period Alcohol -20% to -25%

is used

Ex: Concentrated infusion of Quassia

• Concentrated Compound Infusion of Chirata.

1 volume ------ diluted to 7volumes of water

20
21
 Decoction
• Used for extracting the hard and woody crude drugs

• Water is used as menstum

• Drugs are boiled with water for stated period usually

10 minutes [ Freshly prepared decoctions should only
be dispensed ]

• Liquid is strained

• Water is passed through the contents of the strainer

22
Comparison Between ‘Infusion’ and ‘Decoction’
Infusion Decoction
1.Cold or boiling water is used 1.Drug is boiled in water.
as menstruum.
2.Drug having soft tissue is 2.Drug of a hard tissue is used.
used
3.Drug constituents may be 3.Drug constituents should be non-
volatile. volatile.
4.Final volume is not adjusted. 4. Adjustment to volume is done.
5.When boiling water is used 5.No such precaution is required
as menstruum, precautions because the final volume is adjusted
are taken to prevent the at the end.
escape of heat by covering the
vessel with a cloth.

23
Maceration:
The meaning of the word maceration is ‘soaking’. The
word’s origin goes back to the Latin word macerare whose
English equivalent is ‘to soak’.
The process of maceration involves soaking of the
powdered crude drug with the menstruum in a closed
vessel for enough time to for the menstruum to penetrate
into the cellular structure of the crude drug and dissolve
the soluble constituents.
24
The powdered crude drug (the drug to be extracted) is
placed with the whole of the menstruum in a wide mouthed
closed vessel.
The closed vessel is required to prevent evaporation and
batch to batch variation.
The contents are agitated (shaking or stirring) repeatedly for
a period ranging from 2 to 14 days.
The mixture is then strained, the marc is pressed, and both
liquids are combined.
The combined liquid is then clarified by filtration or
25
decantation after standing.
There are two types of crude drugs: organized drugs and unorganized
drugs. The organised drugs have definite cellular structure and the
examples include barks, roots etc while unorganised drugs are
without definite cellular structure and the examples include gums,
resins, benzoin, tolu etc. The maceration process varies accordingly.26
 Maceration: Organised drugs

Apparatus:
• Wide mouthed bottle of any container with stopper

• Closed container prevents evaporation of menstruum like

alcohol

• Evaporation of menstruum leads to variation

27
Method:

• Drug + menstruum placed in closed vessel for 7days

• Shaken occasionally
• Strained after 7days
• Marc is pressed
• Expressed liquid is mixed with strained liquid
• Filtered
• Final volume is not adjusted

28
Explanation:
• Shaking is essential to replace the saturated layers
around the drug
• Marc is pressed in a filter press, hydraulic press or hand
press
• If final adjustments is made, concentration varies
• Filtration removes insoluble cell contents
E.g:
• Compound Tincture of Gentian .
• Tincture of lemon
• Tincture of squill, BPC
29
Officially, maceration process is used for:
• Tinctures made from organized drugs

• Tinctures made from unorganized drugs

• Concentrated preparations, involving double and triple

maceration

30
31
32
Maceration Process for Tinctures Made from
Unorganized drugs
• Place unorganised drug + 4/5 of menstruum in a closed
vessel
• Keep for 2 – 7 days
• Shake occasionally
• Filter the liquid
• Make the final volume with 1/5 of the menstruum
• Marc is not pressed

33
 Explanation

• Unorganised drugs dissolve in the solvent very easily and

quickly
• Time can be reduced from 7days
• Marc is compact gummy mater
• Does not retain the menstruum
• Not necessary to press the marc
• All active constituents of drug get dissolved in menstruum

34
 Ex:-
• Tincture of Benzoin, BPC;

• Tincture of Myrrh, BPC;

• Tincture of Tolu, BPC;

35
36
 Maceration Process for Concentrated
Preparations
Example: Concentrated Compound Infusion of Gentian is
prepared by double maceration with alcohol (25%) as menstruum.
Concentrated infusion of Quassia is prepared by triple maceration
using water as menstruum.

Double Maceration:
• Drug is extracted twice by the menstruum, which is
divided into two parts and each part is separately used
for maceration

• Different macerations are later mixed and processed

further 37
Double maceration:
• Drug is macerated twice by using the menstruum

• menstruum is divided into two parts

• Volume of menstruum to be retained by the drug is

determined by experiment

• Known volume of menstruum + known weight of the drug

38
After maceration :
• Strain

• Press the marc

• Measure the volumes of liquid obtained

• Difference in volume obtained and volume used is the

volume of menstruum retained by the drug

39
 Process
• Drug + menstruum for first maceration

• Macerate for 48 hours

• Strain the liquid

• Press the marc

• Macerate again

• Drug + menstruum for 2nd maceration in accurate for

24 hours
40
• Strain the liquid

• Press the marc

• Mix the liquids

• Allow to stand for 14 days

• Filter it

41
 Volume for 1st maceration

Vol. for 1st maceration = T.V. of M - V. R by D +V.R

2
T.V of M = Total volume of menstruum
V.R by D = Volume to be retained by drug
V.R = Volume retained

• Drug retains menstruum equal to half of its weight

even after being pressed

42
Problem:

In double maceration, 400 gram of drug is to be

extracted with 1200 ml of menstruum,. Each 2 g of

drug is supposed to retain 1 ml of menstruum.

43
Solution:
First of all, find out the volumes of menstruum for first
maceration and second maceration
• Applying the below formula:

• Vol. for 1st maceration= T.V of M - V. R by D+V.R

T.V of M = Total volume of menstruum

V.R by D = Volume retained by drug

V.R = Volume retained

44
• Volume for first maceration
1200  200
  200
2

 700 ml

• Volume of menstruum for second maceration

 1200  700
 500 ml
45
 Drug extraction by first maceration

• 700 ml menstruum is added to 400 g of drug

• 200 ml menstruum is retained by drug
• Volume of combined strained and expressed liquid is
500 ml;
500100
• representing
700

= 71.4% soluble matter

46
 Drug extraction by second maceration

Remaining 500 ml of menstruum is added to marc

already containing 200 ml of menstruum
• Volume combined strained and expressed liquid is
500 ml; representing 500/700 of 28.6% of soluble
matter i.e.,20.4% soluble matter

• The total soluble matter extracted will be

71.4+20.4=91.8%

47
• If the same drug is extracted by a single maceration using
1200 ml menstruum at a time,
• Then, Volume of combined strained and expressed liquid
is 1000 ml representing;
• 1000/1200 x100=83.3% of soluble matter

• Double maceration has therefore extracted more soluble

matter than single maceration.
• The percentage gain is (91.8-83.3) x100 =10.2%.

83.3
48
 Triple Maceration
• Drug is extracted thrice
• menstruum is divided into three equal parts
• Whole drug + menstruum
• Macerate for 1 hour
• Strain
• Drug + 2nd part of menstruum
• Macerate for 1 hour
• strain

49
 Triple Maceration
• Drug + 3rd part of menstruum
• Macerate for 1 hour
• strain
• Press the marc lightly
• Combine the liquid obtained from 2nd & 3rd macerations
• Evaporate
• Mix the liquid obtained from 1st maceration

50
 Triple Maceration

• Add 90% alcohol equal to ¼ of volume of finished

product.
• Adjust volume with water.
• Allow to stand for 14 days, filter.

51
 Triple Maceration
• Drug is extracted trice
• menstruum is divided into three parts
• Equation for calculating the volume of the first part of
menstruum is calculated as:
Vol. for 1st maceration= T.V. of M. - V. R. by D. +V.R.
3
T.V of M = Total volume of menstruum
V.R by D = Volume retained by drug
V.R = Volume retained
52
Let us take the extraction of same 400g of drug with 1200
menstruum by triple maceration instead of double maceration

Solution

• Drug is extracted trice. (three times)

• menstruum is divided into three parts.
• Equation for calculating the volume of the first part of
menstruum is calculated as:

53
• Vol. for 1st maceration= T.V. of M. - V. R. by D. +V.R.
3
T.V. of M. = Total volume of menstruum
V.R. by D. = Volume retained by drug
V.R. = Volume retained

Volume for 1st maceration = 1200-200+200=533.3ml

3

• Volumes for the 2nd and 3rd maceration will be

1200-534 =333 ml.

2

54
 Drug extraction by first maceration

• 534 ml menstruum is added to 400 g of drug.

• 200 ml menstruum is retained by drug.

• Volume of combined strained and expressed liquid is 334 ml;

• representing 334 x100 = 62.5% soluble matter

534

55
 Drug extraction by second maceration

• 333 ml menstruum is added to 400 g of drug

• 200 ml menstruum is retained by drug

• Volume combined strained and expressed liquid is

334 ml; representing 333/533 of 27.5% of soluble matter

i.e., 17.5% soluble matter

56
 Drug extraction by third maceration
• 333 ml menstruum is added to marc already containing 200

ml menstruum.

• Volume combined, strained and expressed liquid is 33

ml; representing 333/533 of 20% of soluble matter = 12.5%

soluble matter

• Therefore, the total soluble extracted by triple maceration is

62.5+17.2+12.5=92.2% soluble matter

57
 Comparative results of extraction of drug by
different maceration processes.

Total Total menstruum Percentage soluble matter

drug menstruu retained by extracted by
m used drug
Single Double Triple
macer maceratio maceration
ation n
400 g 1200 ml 200 ml 83.3 91.8 92.2

58
 Comparison of Maceration process for
‘Organised Drugs’ and Unorganised Drugs’

Organised drugs Unorganised drugs

• Drug along with the •Drug along with 4/5th of
whole of the menstruum the menstruum is used
is used in maceration in
process
maceration process.
• The period of maceration • The period of
is 7 days. maceration is 2-7 days
as specified.
• Strain off the liquid and • Decant the liquid. Marc
press the marc. is not pressed
59
• Mix the pressed liquid with • Filter the liquid and pass the
the macerate and clarify by remaining 1/5th of
subsidence or filtration. menstruum through filter to
Filtrate is not adjusted to make up the final volume.
volume.
• Examples of tinctures • Examples of tinctures made
made by this process are: by this process are:
(a) Tincture of Orange (a) Compound Tincture of
(b) Tincture of Lemon Benzoin
(c) Tincture of Capsicum (b) Tincture of Tolu
(c) Tincture of Myrrh

60
 Comparison between
‘Maceration Process’ and ‘Infusion Process’
Maceration Process Infusion Process
Menstruum used is Cold or boiled water is used as
usually alcohol, but it menstruum.
may be aqueous
Drug is made in contact Drug is made in contact with
with menstruum for 2-7 menstruum for 15minutes.
days.
The process is The process may or may not
conducted at room be conducted at room
temperature. temperature.

61
Marc is pressed after Marc is not pressed.
maceration except in
modified maceration
process.
Volume is not made up in Volume is not made in
simple maceration but infusion process.
adjustment to volume is
done in modified
maceration process.

62
 Comparison Between
‘Double Maceration’ and ‘Triple Maceration’
Double Maceration Triple Maceration
1. Menstruum is divided 1. Menstruum is divided
into two parts. into three parts.
2.The drug is macerated 2. The drug is macerated
for 48 hours in first thrice having each
maceration followed by maceration of one hour
second maceration. duration.
3. Strain the liquid after 3. Strain the liquid after
each maceration and each maceration and
press the marc. press the marc after the
last maceration.
63
4.The pressed liquid is 4. Combine the strained liquid
mixed with the obtained from the second and
strained liquids of the third maceration evaporate
both macerations and it to a specified extent. Mix it
then the volume is with strained liquid obtained
adjusted after adding after first maceration. Add
more of menstruum. ‘alcohol 90%’ equal to 1/4th of
the volume of the finished
product
5. Alcohol 25% is used 5. Water is used as menstruum but
as menstruum. ‘alcohol 90% is added at the end
equal to 1/4th of the volume of
the finished product.
64
 Comparison
Simple Maceration Multiple Maceration Process
1. The drug is 1. The menstruum is divided into
macerated with the two parts in double maceration
whole of the and into three parts in triple
menstruum. maceration process.
2. The period of 2. In Double Maceration
maceration is 7 The drug is macerated for 48
days. hours in the first maceration
followed by a second maceration
for 24 hours.
In Triple Maceration
The drug is macerated thrice of
one hour duration in each case.
65
3. After maceration, 3. In Double Maceration
strain the liquid After each maceration, strain the
and press the liquid and press the marc.
marc. In Triple Maceration
Strain the liquid after each
maceration and press the marc
after the last maceration.

66
4. Mix the 4. In Double Maceration
pressed liquid Mix the pressed liquid with the liquid
with the obtained from the two macerations and
strained liquid then the volume is adjusted by adding
and then filter. more of menstruum.
Volume is not In Triple Maceration
made up. Combine the strained liquid of 2nd & 3rd
maceration and evaporate to a specified
extent. Mix it with the liquid obtained
from the first maceration. Add alcohol
90% equal to 1/4th of the volume of the
finished product.
67
5. The final 5. The final volume is made up in

volume is not multiple maceration process.

made up.

68
 Percolation

• Derived from Greek word ‘Percolare’, meaning

“I pass through”.

• Slow passage of menstruum under the influence of

gravity through a column of the drug powder.

• Official method for tinctures and concentrated

preparations.

69
The extraction apparatus or equipment for percolation is called
percolator and the extract obtained of percolation is called
percolate.
Percolators for drug extraction are available in different size,
shape, and utility.
Glass percolators are used for small scale extraction (usually
up to 1 kilogram drug) and are generally cylindrical shaped with
or without tapering downward, or conical or funnel shaped.
On the other hand, percolators used industrially are made of
stainless steel or are glass lined metal vessels.
The special percolators to percolate with hot menstruum are
70
 Process of percolation is divided into
eight steps
1. Reduction in drug particle size,

2. Moistening or imbibition,

3. Packing,

4. Maceration,

5. Percolation,

6. Pressing the marc,

7. Adjustment of volume,

8. Clarification.
71
1. Reduction in drug particle size:
• Finer the powder.

• Efficient is the extraction.

2. Moistening or imbibition:
• Drug powder is moistened with small quantity of

menstruum.

• Allowed to stand for four hours.

72
 Advantages of Moistening or imbibitions

• Drug swells

• Menstruum penetrates the cell walls.

• Packing will be more uniform.

• Intracellular air is removed, efficiency of percolation

is increased.

73
3. Packing:
• A filter paper is placed for support, on perforated metallic
plate.
• Imbibed drug lumps are broken, and packed uniformly
layer by layer with moderate pressure.
• Drug should occupy almost two thirds of the column of
the percolator.
• Surface is covered with filter paper or filter cloth.

• Layer of washed sand is spread over it.

74
Diagrams of:
(a) Incorrect packing of drug showing incorrect flow of
menstruum.
(b) Correct packing of drug showing correct flow of
menstruum.

75
The packing of imbibed drug in percolator, with very high or

very low pressure, lead to inefficient extraction because

• Tightly packed column, will not allow, adequate flow of

the menstruum, leaving the drug incompletely extracted.

• Light packing will give rapid down flow of menstruum.

76
77
 Fig: Soxhlet Extractor
78
4. Maceration:

• Sufficient quantity of menstruum is added.

• Stop cock is kept open, to displace air in the column.

• When the first few drops come out of the stop cock, it
should be closed, enough quantity of menstruum has to
be poured, so as to maintain 2cm layer on top.

• Percolator is closed, and allowed to stand for 24 hours.

79
5. Percolation:
• After maceration, opening the stop cock starts
percolation, rate of percolation is adjusted to 30
drops/minute.
• When displacement of saturated solution formed during
maceration period is started with optimum speed, fresh
menstruum is added.
• Drug column should not be allowed to dry up.
• A bottleful of menstruum and carrying a delivery tube, is
inverted over the percolator. So that delivery tube dips
into the menstruum layer.
80
Fig: 46.3 Diagram of percolator with an inverted bottleful of
menstruum to avoid drying up of drug column

81
• Process is continued till 75% of finished product is
collected.

• Last few milliliters of percolator are tested for complete

exhaustion.

82
6. Pressing of marc:
• After completion of extraction, marc is taken out of the
column and expressed in Tincture press or hydraulic
press to obtain menstruum retained by it.

• Further the marc is subjected to distillation, in solvent

recovery stills.

83
7. Adjustment of volume:

• Liquid obtained by pressing the marc, is mixed with the

main percolate and final volume adjusted.

• For standardized preparations, volume is adjusted after

the assay of the final product.

84
8. Clarification:
• Filtration or by decantation

• Percolation process is successful when the drug

percolate or d / p ratio is not less than 1:4.

85
 Modified Percolation

a) Intermittent percolation,

b) Re-percolation,

c) Reserved percolation,

d) Hot Continuous Extraction.

86
 Intermittent Percolation

Percolation and maceration alter with each other.

24 hours – maceration
12 hours – maceration
12 hours – percolation .

menstruum remains in contact for longer time, with drug particles.

Extraction is accomplished with 1:3 or higher d/p ratio.

87
 Repercolation

• Drug powder is divided into 4 or 5 parts.

• First part extracted as simple percolation.
• Percolate used as menstruum for second part.
• Continued till the drug in first percolator is totally
exhausted.
• Drug in final container is not totally extracted, this
method is not accepted.

88
 Reserved Percolation
• Preferred when drug : Percolate ratio is 1:1 or 2:1

• Menstruum used is Hydro alcoholic solvents.

• Final product is liquid extract and concentrated infusion.

• First three fourth of the total product volume is reserved.

• Subsequent percolate is collected till complete extraction

of drug is obtained.

• Marc is pressed and expressed liquid is mixed with

subsequent percolate
89
• Total percolate is concentrated to ¼ by distillation.

• Concentrate is mixed with reserved percolate.

• Final volume is adjusted.

Advantages

• Reserved percolate is subjected to heat treatment.

• Economical

90
 Hot Continuous Extraction
PRINCIPLE:
Small volume of menstruum is made to circulate
through the extractor containing the drug, again and
again by the method of evaporation and subsequent
condensation of menstruum.

DESIGN:
• It consists of main three parts.
1. The flask holding the menstruum.
2. Extractor.
3. Reflux condensor.
91
• The extractor, or cylindrical percolator possess a siphon
assembly and a side tube for the passage of vapors of
the menstruum, called the soxhlet extractor.

• Reflex condensor is fixed at the top of the soxhlet.

• Material to be extracted is packed in the extractor body.

• Menstruum is taken into the flask.

92
 Method of working

• Heat applied allows the menstruum to boil.

• Vapors pass through the side tube of soxhlet and

condense in the reflux condensor, return to the
menstruum.

• Menstruum passes through the packed column dissolving

the soluble matter present in the drug.

• Gradually, the extract in the flask becomes concentrated.

• To check for exhaustion, last few millilitres of percolate is

tested.
93
 Advantages
• Extraction process is rapid,
• Require small volume of menstruum.

Disadvantages
• Not suitable for drugs containing thermo labile
constituents.
• Pure solvent is required.

• Not suitable for extraction of unorganized drugs.

94
Soxhlet Extractor

95
 Introduction to Ayurvedic Dosage Forms

• Ayurveda is a science of longevity.

• Genuine text is available in charakasamhita.

• It depends on tridosha theory, viz vatha pitha and kapha.

96
 Introduction to Ayurvedic Dosage Forms
Dhanvantari has classified ayurveda into eight well
defined branches.
• KAYACHIKITSA

• BALACHIKITSA

• GRAHACHIKITSA

• URDVANGACHIKITSA

• SALYATANTRA

• AGADATANTRA

• RASAYANATANTRA

• VRISHYACHIKITSA
97
• The crude drugs from
• Vegetable source
• Animal source
• Metals, Minerals
• Ghee, Oil, Stones are
used to prepare dosage forms.

98
 Ayurvedic Preparations

ANJANS:
• Remedies intended to be used in eyes for their local
effect.

ARAKS or ARAKAS:
• Distilled essences or liquors made by soaking drugs in
water for 24 to 48 hours and extracting their essence by
distillation.
Ex: Ajwan arkas, triphala arkas ,chirata arkas

99
ARISTA’S:
• Weak alcoholic preparations prepared by making a
decotion of the drugs.

• Further fermented with raw sugar or honey –for

7-10 days in hot weather 15 – 30 days in cold weather.
Eg: Abhyarista’s : as a laxative.
Amristaristas : used in fevers.

100
ASAVARISHTAS:
• Medicated spirituous liquors.
• Prepared with honey and medicinal substances such as
roots, leaves, barks etc.

AVALEHAS:
• Lehas, linctuses or convections, decoctions, after
straining, boiled to a thick soft consistency.
Eg: Ashtangara lehas : Used in pneumonia and dry cough.
Jirkadiava lehas : Used as tonic, for women.

101
BHASMAS:
• Bhasmas are alkaline ashes prepared from vegetable

and mineral substances.

Eg: AKIK BHASMAS : Used as heart tonic.

ABHRAK BHASMAS : Used to improve sexual power.

LOHA BHASMAS : Used to improve hemoglobin.

102
BHAVANA:
• Powders are soaked in various fluids ands dried.

CHOORNAS:
• Choornas are powder mixtures prepared by powdering dry
mineral, animal or vegetable substances in a mortar.

Eg: AJMODADI CHOORNA: Used for rheumatism, sciatica.

ASHWAGANDI CHOORNA: Used in alopecia and
treatment of greying of
hair.
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GHRITAS:
• Preparations of medicated ghee or clarified butter.

• Purified butter is melted in an earthen pot,

• Copper or iron pan and then medicinal fluid or pastes are

added till ghrita is free from froth.

Eg: ARJUN GHRITAS : Used for indigestion.

ASHOK GHRITAS : For rheumatic pain.

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GUTIKAS:
• Gutikas are large pills or boluses less durable and kept
well closed.
Eg: ADITYA GUTIKA :For indigetion and colic pain

RASAYANAS:
• Major medical preparations. Stored in glass bottles to
keep them active and free from atmospheric
contamination.

Eg: AGNISANDIPAN RASA : Used as carminative.

AMIR RASA : Used in purify blood.

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TAILAMS:
• Medicated oils.
Eg: BRAHMI AMLA TEL.

VATIKA:
• Pills usually prepared by reducing a decoction of
vegetable substances to a thick consistency, after then
powders are added.
Eg: GUDAD GUTIKA : Used in cough and cold.
MERICHADI GUTIKA : Used as expectorant and
antitussive.

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