EXTRACTION Week13

EXTRACTION
EXTRACTION (extractio);
EXTRACTION;
• Extraction, as the term is used pharmaceutically, involves the separation of
medicinally active portions of plant or animal tissues from the inactive or
inert components by using selective solvents in standard extraction
procedures.
• The products obtained from plants are relatively impure liquids, semisolids,
or powders intended only for oral or external use.
• Extraction products include classes of preparations known as:
• Decoctions
• Infusions
• fluidextracts,
• Tinctures
• pilular (semisolid) extracts
• powdered extracts.
• Such preparations popularly have been called galenicals, after Galen, the 2nd
century Greek physician.
Extraction for pharmaceutical purposes;
1- To take the essence of drugs using a solvent or to remove certain
substances from drugs
2- Liquid–liquid extraction, also known as partitioning, is a separation
process consisting of the transfer of a solute from one solvent to another,
the two solvents being immiscible or partially miscible with each other
Extraction of Crude Drugs
Extraction of active agents from plants, separate unwanted compounds
and concentrate the active compound
Alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, oils, resins, oleoresins, essential oils
Extraction of excipients from plants,
Pectins, mucilages, gums, starches, sugars

Extraction of dissolved substances in liquids
Explained by «Nernst Distribution Law (1891) or Partition Law»
• This law determines the relative distribution of a component that is

soluble in two liquids, these liquids being immiscible or miscible to
a limited extent.
• The Nernst distribution law states that, “at equilibrium, the ratio of
the concentrations of a third component in two liquid phases is
constant.”
Extract types according to their consistency
Liquid Extracts
Extracts containing 1 part by weight of the substance in equivalent weight or
volume.
Soft Extracts
Extracts having a consistency between liquid and dry extract.
Obtained by partial evaporation of the solvent used.
Dry Extracts
Solid extracts obtained by evaporation of the solvent used.

Extraction methods
• Mechanical extraction
• Extraction by distillation
• Extraction with solvents
• Supercritical fluid extraction
Mechanical extraction
An incision is made on alive plant using a sharp blade allowing a

thick fluid to leak out. The product is then scraped off.
Opium, balsam, gum, resin
Herbal samples are crushed with press using pressure.
Almond oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, cocoa butter
Black mulberry, lemon fruit juices

Extraction with distillation
Distillation;
The process of physically separating one or more components with a

different boiling point in a mixture.
Applied to plants containing volatile and easily evaporable active agents
Essences (essential oils), some aromatic waters

• Plants samples such as leaves,
barks, roots, fruits and flowers are used
• Direct distillation
• Distillation with water vapor
Direct Distillation
• Small amount of water is added on the distillation container containing

plant pieces.
• The vessel is heated at the bottom.
• Obtained water vapor carries the volatile material.
• The mixture is concentrated by cooling.
• The product is collected in the collection container.
Distillation with water vapor;
• Water is added on the distillation container containing plant pieces.

• Water vapor obtained in a separate place is transfered to this
container.
• With the aid of the heat of the water vapor, the volatile material
evaporates and drains with water vapor.
• The product is cooled and collected.
Extraction methods using solvents
• Maceration
• Dimaceration
• Decoction
• Infusion
• Digestion
• Percolation
Maceration
• In this process the solid ingredients are placed in a

stoppered container with prescribed solvent and allowed
to stand for a period of at least 3 days in a warm place
with frequent agitation, until soluble matter is dissolved.
• The mixture is filtered and, after most of the liquid has
drained, the residue on the filter is washed with
sufficient quantity of the prescribed solvent or solvent
mixture
• The filtrates are combined
Dimaceration
The solid ingredient is subsequently subjected to maceration twice.

Decoction
• This once popular process extracts water soluble and heat stable
constituents from crude drugs, by:
• boiling in water for a certain time,
• cooling,
• Straining and
• passing sufficient cold water through the drug to produce
the required volume.
Infusion
• An infusion is a dilute solution of the readily soluble constituents of

crude drugs.
• Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the solids for a short
period of time with boiling water.
Digestion
This is a form of maceration in which gentle heat (40-60C) is used during

the process of extraction.
It is used when moderately elevated temperature is not objectionable and

the dissolving efficiency of the solvent is increased thereby.
Percolation
It is a continuous extraction method.
«Percolators» are used.
• different shape and size

• glass, porcelain, enamel or stainless steel
The product obtained is called «percolate».
• The crude drug is brought to the appropriate size.
• It is mixed with small amount of solvent and allowed to stand for a while before
filling into the percolator.
• Thus, the dry drug is swelled.

• A small piece of cotton is placed on the bottom of the percolator.
• The moistened drug is filled into the percolator without being compressed.
• The filter paper and cotton are placed on top of the drug.
• The solvent is poured from the top and the system is allowed to macerate for a
while.
• The product is removed from the bottom by opening the tap of the percolator.
Advanced Extraction Methods
• supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)

• ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE)
• microwave assisted extraction (MAE)
Supercritical fluid extraction
It is the process of separating the active substances from
solid, semi-solid or liquid matrix using supercritical fluids.
• At a certain, material-dependent temperature, the

density of the gas phase will be equal to the density of
the liquid, so that there will no longer be a phase
boundary between the liquid and gas phase, and both
are now indistinguishable (this is called a supercritical
fluid).
• It can diffuse through solids like a gas, and dissolve
materials like a liquid.
• Supercritical CO2 is the most commonly used
liquid.
Pharmaceutical preparations prepared by extraction
Alcoholates
Aromatic fragrant preparations prepared by initial maceration and

subsequent distillation of crude drugs in ethyl alcohol for a certain
period of time.
Alcohol content is high
Garus alcoolate (Alcoolat de Garus)

Elixirs
Clear and sweet preparation consisting of a mixture of alcohol and

water.
Tinctures
• Tinctures are defined in the USP as alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared

from vegetable materials or from chemical substances, an example of the latter being
Iodine Tincture.
• The USP, specifically, describes two general processes for preparing tinctures, one by
percolation and the other by maceration.
• Belladonna Tincture, USP, is prepared by percolation. Compound Benzoin Tincture,
USP, and Sweet Orange Peel Tincture, USP, are prepared by the maceration procedure.

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EXTRACTION

1- To take the essence of drugs using a solvent or to remove certain

substances from drugs

2- Liquid–liquid extraction, also known as partitioning, is a separation

process consisting of the transfer of a solute from one solvent to another,

Extraction of active agents from plants, separate unwanted compounds

and concentrate the active compound

Alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, oils, resins, oleoresins, essential oils

Extraction of excipients from plants,

Pectins, mucilages, gums, starches, sugars

Explained by «Nernst Distribution Law (1891) or Partition Law»

• This law determines the relative distribution of a component that is

Extracts having a consistency between liquid and dry extract.

Obtained by partial evaporation of the solvent used.

Solid extracts obtained by evaporation of the solvent used.

An incision is made on alive plant using a sharp blade allowing a

Opium, balsam, gum, resin

Herbal samples are crushed with press using pressure.

Almond oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, cocoa butter

Black mulberry, lemon fruit juices

The process of physically separating one or more components with a

Applied to plants containing volatile and easily evaporable active agents

Essences (essential oils), some aromatic waters

• Small amount of water is added on the distillation container containing

• Water is added on the distillation container containing plant pieces.

• In this process the solid ingredients are placed in a

The solid ingredient is subsequently subjected to maceration twice.

• An infusion is a dilute solution of the readily soluble constituents of

This is a form of maceration in which gentle heat (40-60C) is used during

It is used when moderately elevated temperature is not objectionable and

It is a continuous extraction method.

«Percolators» are used.

• different shape and size

• Thus, the dry drug is swelled.

• supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)

• At a certain, material-dependent temperature, the

Aromatic fragrant preparations prepared by initial maceration and

Alcohol content is high

Garus alcoolate (Alcoolat de Garus)

Clear and sweet preparation consisting of a mixture of alcohol and

• Tinctures are defined in the USP as alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared

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