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Extraction Techniques

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GENERAL METHODS OF EXTRACTION

OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

By
GADDAM UMA MAHESWARA RAO
INTRODUCTION :

Extraction: involves the separation of medicinally active


portions of plant or animal tissues by using selective solvents in
standard extraction procedures.
A wide range of technologies is available for the extraction of
active components and essential oils from medicinal and aromatic
plants. The choice depends on the economic feasibility and suitability
of the process to the particular situation.
TERMS to remember: Menstrum, Marc
TYPES OF EXTRACTION

* Maceration
* Infusion
* Digestion
* Decocation
* Percolation
* Soxhletion
* Aqueous Alcoholic Extraction by
Fermentation
GENERAL METHODS OF EXTRACTION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

* Maceration
In this process, the whole or coarsely powdered crude
drug is placed in a stoppered container with the solvent and
allowed to stand at room temperature for a period of at least 3
days. The mixture then is strained, the marc (the damp solid
material) is pressed, and the combined liquids are clarified by
filtration or decantation after standing.
*Infusion
Fresh infusions are prepared by
macerating the crude drug for a short period of
time with cold or boiling water. These are
dilute solutions of the readily soluble
constituents of crude drugs.

*Digestion
This is a form of maceration in which
gentle heat is used during the process of
extraction. It is used when moderately
elevated temperature is not objectionable.
*Decoction
In this process, the crude drug is
boiled in a specified volume of water
for a defined time; it is then cooled and
strained or filtered. This procedure is
suitable for extracting water-soluble,
heat-stable constituents.
*Percolation
This is the procedure used most
frequently to extract active
ingredients in the preparation of
tinctures and fluid extracts. A
percolator (a narrow, cone-shaped
vessel open at both ends) is generally
used.
*Hot Continuous Extraction (Soxhlet)
In this method, the finely ground crude drug is placed in a
porous bag made of strong filter paper, which is placed in
chamber E of the Soxhlet apparatus. The extracting solvent in
flask A is heated, and its vapors condense in condenser D. The
condensed extractant drips into the thimble containing the
crude drug, and extracts it by contact. When the level of liquid
in chamber E rises to the top of siphon tube C, the liquid
contents of chamber E siphon into flask A. This process is
continuous and is carried out until a drop of solvent from the
siphon tube does not leave any residue when evaporated.
*Aqueous Alcoholic Extraction by Fermentation

It involves soaking the crude drug, in the form of


either a powder or a decoction for a specified period of time,
during which it undergoes fermentation and generates alcohol
in situ; this facilitates the extraction of the active constituents
contained in the plant material.
The alcohol thus generated also serves as a preservative.
Some examples of such preparations are Asavas and
Aristas.
References:
1.W.C.Evans,Trease and Evans pharmacognosy,16
th edition,W.B.sounders&co.,London,2009
2.Tyler,V.E.,Brady,L.R. and
Robbers,J.E.,pharmacognosy,9th edition.,Lea and
Febiger,Philadelphia,1988
3.Textbook of pharmacognosy byT.E.Wallis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I am very thankful to the Chebrolu


Hanumaiah Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences for providing the facilities to do these
experiments.
Thank You

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