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    Extraction - Chavez

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    Gabreille Rullamas Chavez
    This document describes 12 different extraction procedures used to extract active compounds from plants for medicinal or other uses. These include decoction, infusion, percolation, maceration, Soxhlet extraction, digestion, aqueous alcoholic extraction by fermentation, counter-current extraction, steam distillation, water distillation, solvent extraction, and enfleurage. Each method involves using different techniques such as boiling, steeping, pressing, or applying solvents to extract compounds from plant materials.

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    Extraction - Chavez

    Uploaded by

    Gabreille Rullamas Chavez
    62 views3 pages
    This document describes 12 different extraction procedures used to extract active compounds from plants for medicinal or other uses. These include decoction, infusion, percolation, maceration, Soxhlet extraction, digestion, aqueous alcoholic extraction by fermentation, counter-current extraction, steam distillation, water distillation, solvent extraction, and enfleurage. Each method involves using different techniques such as boiling, steeping, pressing, or applying solvents to extract compounds from plant materials.

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    This document describes 12 different extraction procedures used to extract active compounds from plants for medicinal or other uses. These include decoction, infusion, percolation, maceration, Soxhlet extraction, digestion, aqueous alcoholic extraction by fermentation, counter-current extraction, steam distillation, water distillation, solvent extraction, and enfleurage. Each method involves using different techniques such as boiling, steeping, pressing, or applying solvents to extract compounds from plant materials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    62 views3 pages

    Extraction - Chavez

    Uploaded by

    Gabreille Rullamas Chavez
    This document describes 12 different extraction procedures used to extract active compounds from plants for medicinal or other uses. These include decoction, infusion, percolation, maceration, Soxhlet extraction, digestion, aqueous alcoholic extraction by fermentation, counter-current extraction, steam distillation, water distillation, solvent extraction, and enfleurage. Each method involves using different techniques such as boiling, steeping, pressing, or applying solvents to extract compounds from plant materials.

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    CHAVEZ, GABREILLE R.

    November 27, 2018

    BS PHARMACY 1-G PHARM 112L | TUE| 7:30-10-30

    DIFFERENT EXTRACTION PROCEDURES

    1. Decoction
    A tea made from boiling plant material, usually the bark, rhizomes, roots or other woody parts, in water. May be
    used therapeutically. Natural dyes are often made this way. (Terminology - Herbal Gram, 2016)

    2. Infusion
    A tea made by pouring water over plant material (usually dried flowers, fruit, leaves, and other parts, though
    fresh plant material may also be used), then allowed to steep. The water is usually boiling, but cold infusions are
    also an option. May be used therapeutically, as hot tea is an excellent way to administer herbs. (Terminology -
    Herbal Gram, 2016)

    3. Percolation
    A process to extract the soluble constituents of a plant with the assistance of gravity. The material is moistened
    and evenly packed into a tall, slightly conical vessel; the liquid (menstruum) is then poured onto the material
    and allowed to steep for a certain length of time. A small opening is then made in the bottom, which allows the
    extract to slowly flow out of the vessel. The remaining plant material (the marc) may be discarded. Many
    tinctures and liquid extracts are prepared this way. (Terminology - Herbal Gram, 2016)

    4. Maceration
    A technique use in wine making and has been adopted and widely used in medicinal plants research. Maceration
    involved soaking plant materials (coarse or powdered) in a stoppered container with a solvent and allowed to
    stand at room temperature for a period of minimum 3 days with frequent agitation [11]. The processed
    intended to soften and break the plant’s cell wall to release the soluble phytochemicals. After 3 days, the
    mixture is pressed or strained by filtration. In this conventional method, heat is transferred through convection
    and conduction and the choice of solvents will determine the type of compound extracted from the samples.
    Infusion and decoction uses the same principle as maceration; both are soaked in cold or boiled water. However,
    the maceration period for infusion is shorter and the sample is boiled in specified volume of water. (Azwanida,
    2016)

    5. Soxhlet extraction or hot continuous extraction:


    In this method, finely ground sample is placed in a porous bag or “thimble” made from a strong filter paper or
    cellulose, which is place, is in thimble chamber of the Soxhlet apparatus. Extraction solvents is heated in the
    bottom flask, vaporizes into the sample thimble, condenses in the condenser and drip back. When the liquid
    content reaches the siphon arm, the liquid contents emptied into the bottom flask again and the process is
    continued. (Azwanida, 2016)

    6. Digestion
    This is a form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the process of extraction. It is used when
    moderately elevated temperature is not objectionable. The solvent efficiency of the menstruum is thereby
    increased. (Extraction Techniques of Medicinal Plants)
    7. Aqueous Alcoholic Extraction by Fermentation
    Some medicinal preparations of Ayurveda (like asava and arista) adopt the technique of fermentation for
    extracting the active principles. The extraction procedure involves soaking the crude drug, in the form of either a
    powder or a decoction (kasaya), for a specified period of time, during which it undergoes fermentation and
    generates alcohol in situ; this facilitates the extraction of the active constituents contained in the plant material.
    The alcohol thus generated also serves as a preservative. If the fermentation is to be carried out in an earthen
    vessel, it should not be new: water should first be boiled in the vessel. In large-scale manufacture, wooden vats,
    porcelain jars or metal vessels are used in place of earthen vessels. Some examples of such preparations are
    karpurasava, kanakasava, dasmularista. In Ayurveda, this method is not yet standardized but, with the
    extraordinarily high degree of advancement in fermentation technology, it should not be difficult to standardize
    this technique of extraction for the production of herbal drug extracts. (Extraction Techniques of Medicinal
    Plants)

    8. Counter-current Extraction
    In counter-current extraction (CCE), wet raw material is pulverized using toothed disc disintegrators to produce
    a fine slurry. In this process, the material to be extracted is moved in one direction (generally in the form of a
    fine slurry) within a cylindrical extractor where it comes in contact with extraction solvent. The further the
    starting material moves, the more concentrated the extract becomes. Complete extraction is thus possible when
    the quantities of solvent and material and their flow rates are optimized. The process is highly efficient,
    requiring little time and posing no risk from high temperature. Finally, sufficiently concentrated extract comes
    out at one end of the extractor while the marc (practically free of visible solvent) falls out from the other end.
    (Extraction Techniques of Medicinal Plants)

    9. STEAM DISTILLATION
    Steam Distillation is the most popular method used to extract and isolate essential oils from plants for use in
    natural products. This happens when the steam vaporizes the plant material’s volatile compounds, which
    eventually go through a condensation and collection process. (HOW ESSENTIAL OILS ARE MADE, 2017)

    10. WATER DISTILLATION


    Delicate flowers such as roses and orange blossoms would clump together when introduced to steam in the
    distillation process, so the most effective method of extraction in this situation is to submerge fragile plant
    material in pure boiling water instead. The water protects the extracted oil from overheating. The condensed
    liquids cool down and separate from each other. The remaining water, which can sometimes be fragrant, is
    referred to by several names including hydrolate, hydrosol, herbal water, essential water, floral water, or herbal
    distillate. (HOW ESSENTIAL OILS ARE MADE, 2017)

    11. SOLVENT EXTRACTION


    This method employs food grade solvents like hexane and ethanol to isolate essential oils from plant material. It
    is best suited for plant materials that yield low amounts of essential oil, that are largely resinous, or that are
    delicate aromatics unable to withstand the pressure and distress of steam distillation. This method also
    produces a finer fragrance than any type of distillation method.

    Through this process, the non-volatile plant material such as waxes and pigments, are also extracted and
    sometimes removed through other processes.
    Once the plant material has been treated with the solvent, it produces a waxy aromatic compound called a
    "concrete." When this concrete substance is mixed with alcohol, the oil particles are released. The
    aforementioned chemicals used in the process then remain in the oil and the oil is used in perfumes by the
    perfume industry or for aromatherapy purposes.

    (HOW ESSENTIAL OILS ARE MADE, 2017)

    12. ENFLEURAGE
    Enfleurage is not commonly used today, but it is one of the oldest maethods of essential oil extraction that
    implements the use of fat. By the end of this process, either vegetable fat or animal fat becomes infused with
    the flower’s fragrance compounds. The fats that are used are odorless and solid at room temperature. The
    enfleurage process can be done either “hot” or “cold.” In both instances, the fat that is saturated with fragrance
    is called "enfleurage pomade." (HOW ESSENTIAL OILS ARE MADE, 2017)

    References
    Azwanida, N. (2016, July 06). A Review on the Extraction Methods Use in Medicinal Plants, Principle, Strength and
    Limitation. Retrieved from Medicinal & Aromatic Plants: https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/a-review-
    on-the-extraction-methods-use-in-medicinal-plants-principle-strength-and-limitation-2167-0412-
    1000196.php?aid=58448

    Extraction Techniques of Medicinal Plants. (n.d.). Retrieved from TNAU - Agri Tech:
    http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/extraction_techniques%20_medicinal_plants

    HOW ESSENTIAL OILS ARE MADE. (2017). Retrieved from New Directions Aromatics Inc. :
    https://www.newdirectionsaromatics.com/blog/articles/how-essential-oils-are-made.html

    Terminology - Herbal Gram. (2016). Retrieved from American Botanical Council:


    http://abc.herbalgram.org/site/PageServer?pagename=Terminology

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