Journal Reading Psikiatri

Abstrack
01 Introduction
Population Aging and Dementia Prevalence
1. Increasing life expectancy and decreasing birth rates cause the

population to age (menua).
2. The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases such as
dementia is increasing, becoming a major health problem of the
21st century.
3. In 2015, approximately 47 million people were living with
dementia, and this figure is expected to reach 131.5 million by
2050.
Definition and Impact of Dementia
1. Dementia is a syndrome with decreased cognitive function that

interferes with daily activities.
2. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia,
accounting for 60-70% of all dementia cases.
3. Dementia causes changes in memory, language,
understanding, thinking, orientation, and learning abilities
4. Sleep disorders are common in people with dementia, affecting
the mood and quality of life of them and their caregivers.
Prevalence and Types of Sleep Disorders in Dementia
1. The prevalence of sleep disorders in people with dementia is

estimated to be between 25% and 60%
2. The most common sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep
fragmentation, and excessive daytime sleepiness.
Relationship between Sleep Disorders and Dementia
1. Some studies suggest that sleep disorders may appear before

dementia and may increase the risk of dementia.
2. Causes of sleep disorders include aging, lack of light exposure,
physical exercise, meal timing, medical or psychiatric morbidity,
and medications.
Factors Causing Sleep Disorders
1. Dementia causes neurodegenerative changes that disrupt the

sleep-wake cycle.
2. Certain sleep disorders such as restless legs syndrome and
nocturnal syndrome are more common in people with
dementia.
3. Variations in the frequency, type, and severity of sleep
disturbances depending on the type and severity of dementia.
4. An unbalanced diet can also affect circadian rhythms and sleep
quality.
Research Objectives
1. Determine the effect of dementia on sleep quality.

2. Analyze whether age, medication consumption, BMI, coffee, or
mental illness affect sleep quality in subjects aged ≥65 years
with and without dementia.
Materials and
02 Methods
Research Population
1. total of 31 subjects aged 65-91 years.

2. Two groups:
• 15 subjects with dementia (mean age 81.8±8.1 years, 9 women) from
AFAMUR.
• 16 subjects without dementia (mean age 76.81±6.25 years, 10 women)
from a social center in Murcia.
3. The diagnosis of dementia was made by a neurologist and written
consent was given by the subject or his caregiver.
4. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of
Murcia, with all participants signing written informed consent and being
assigned a numeric code for confidentiality.
Sleep Quality Assessment Instrument
1. Uses the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a questionnaire that

assesses sleep quality in seven areas with a total score between 0 and
21 points.
2. A score of >5 points indicates sleep disturbance.
3. The Spanish version of the PSQI is valid and reliable
4. The questionnaire was explained and administered to participants, with
completion by relatives/caregivers for the dementia group to avoid
bias.
Additional Data Collected
1. Information about gender, age, weight, height, mental illness,

and consumption of drugs and coffee.
2. Scores on the Reisberg Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) for
the dementia group, which assesses stages of cognitive and
functional capacity from normal aging to very severe cognitive
decline.
Analysis Methodology
1. Analysis using SPSS Version 24.

2. Variable normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test.
3. Student's t-test was used for independent samples with effect sizes
calculated using Cohen's d-test.
4. Correlation between quantitative variables was carried out with the
Pearson correlation coefficient r, and correlation between qualitative
variables with Pearson's chi-square (χ2).
5. Independent variables: gender, age, BMI, coffee consumption, number
of medications taken daily, psychiatric disease for both groups, and
GDS only for the dementia group.
6. Analysis of PSQI scores in relation to these variables.
7. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
03 Result
Data Distribution and Sample Characteristics
1. Data is normally distributed.

2. There were no significant differences in gender distribution,
age, BMI, number of daily medications, or psychiatric illnesses
between groups with and without dementia.
3. Fewer people with dementia consumed coffee compared to the
control group (13.33% vs. 62.5%), with a significant difference
(p=.005).
PSQI Score
1. There was no meaningful difference in the PSQI total score or

subs scores between the groups with and without dementia.
PSQI Score Analysis and Related Variables
1. People with dementia who had other psychiatric illnesses had higher
PSQI scores (8.83±4.40) than those without other psychiatric illnesses
(4.22±1.85) (p=.014, Cohen's d: 1.49.
2. In the total sample, those with mental illness had higher PSQI scores
(9.54±5.39) than those without mental illness (4.9±3.58) (p=.007,
Cohen's d: 1.08).
3. Positive correlation between the number of medications consumed
daily and PSQI scores in the group without dementia (r=.785, p<.001)
and in the total sample (r=.6, p<.001)
4. PSQI of participants without dementia who did not consume coffee
(9.50±6.64) was higher than participants with dementia who did not
consume coffee (6.62±3.77), but this difference was not significant
(p=.229).
Analysis of Participants with and Without Sleep Difficulty
1. Sleep disorders were more common in people with other psychiatric

illnesses in the group with dementia (83.33%, p=.02) and in the total
sample (81.81%, p=.013).
2. People with dementia who had sleep disorders took more medications
per day (9.57±3.15) compared to those without sleep disorders
(5.57±2.6) (p=.02, Cohen's d: 1.31).
3. People without dementia who had sleep disorders also took more
medications per day (7.66±5.47) compared to those without sleep
disorders (2.43±2.5) (p=.026, Cohen's d: 1.17).
4. This difference was also seen in the total sample (8.5±4.57 for those
with sleep disorders vs. 4.2±3 for those without sleep disorders,
p=.005, Cohen's d: 1.1).
04 Discussions
Research Objectives and Methodology
1. The study assessed the prevalence of sleep disorders in

subjects aged 65 years or older with dementia compared with
age-matched healthy subjects.
2. Includes all types of dementia without exception, while the
control group excludes subjects with cognitive impairment.
3. Variables analyzed: age, gender, BMI, number of daily
medications, coffee consumption, and diagnosis of psychiatric
disease, and compared with sleep quality using PSQI.
Main Findings
1. Subjects who took more medications or had other

psychiatric illnesses tended to have poorer sleep
quality.
2. There was no significant difference in PSQI total
scores between groups with and without dementia.
Data Use and Collection Methods
1. Information about people with dementia is collected

from caregivers or relatives to avoid bias.
2. The Reisberg Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) was
used to measure cognitive decline in subjects with
dementia, but no correlation was found with sleep
quality.
Comparison with Previous Studies
1. Sleep disorders are more common in dementia due

to Lewy bodies, but this study did not find a direct
relationship between dementia and sleep quality.
2. Several previous studies showed a correlation
between PSQI and cognitive decline, in contrast to
the findings of this study.
3. Age did not show a significant correlation with PSQI
scores in this study, although other studies show that
age affects sleep.
Comparison with Previous Studies
1. Sleep disorders are more common in dementia due

to Lewy bodies, but this study did not find a direct
relationship between dementia and sleep quality.
2. Several previous studies showed a correlation
between PSQI and cognitive decline, in contrast to
the findings of this study.
3. Age did not show a significant correlation with PSQI
scores in this study, although other studies show that
age affects sleep.
Correlation between Variables and Sleep Quality
1. Higher medication consumption was associated with

poorer sleep quality in the group without dementia.
2. There was no significant correlation between BMI
and sleep quality, in contrast to some other studies.
3. Coffee consumption did not show significant
differences in sleep quality, perhaps due to the small
sample size.
Psychiatric Illness and Sleep Quality
1. People with dementia and other psychiatric illnesses

have poorer sleep quality, with large effect sizes.
2. This is consistent with previous studies showing an
association between sleep quality and psychiatric
disorders.
Research Limitations
1. Small sample size, difficult to achieve a larger

sample size.
2. Factors such as food, exercise and activity are
difficult to control in the group without dementia.
3. Completing the PSQI questionnaire is based on
subjective perception and may cause bias.
4. This research could be a precursor to similar studies
with larger and more diverse samples.
Recommendations for Future Research
1. Further studies are needed to assess sleep quality in

different types of dementia with larger samples.
2. Assess other factors such as light exposure, physical
exercise, and meal times that may affect sleep
quality.
05 Conclusion
Conclusion
1. No differences were observed regarding sleep

quality between subjects with dementia and those
without it.
2. High daily medication consumption and psychiatric
illness are factors that influence sleep quality in
subjects aged 65 years or older.
Thankyou 😊

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Abstrack

1. Increasing life expectancy and decreasing birth rates cause the

1. Dementia is a syndrome with decreased cognitive function that

1. The prevalence of sleep disorders in people with dementia is

1. Some studies suggest that sleep disorders may appear before

1. Dementia causes neurodegenerative changes that disrupt the

1. Determine the effect of dementia on sleep quality.

1. total of 31 subjects aged 65-91 years.

1. Uses the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a questionnaire that

1. Information about gender, age, weight, height, mental illness,

1. Analysis using SPSS Version 24.

1. Data is normally distributed.

1. There was no meaningful difference in the PSQI total score or

1. Sleep disorders were more common in people with other psychiatric

1. The study assessed the prevalence of sleep disorders in

1. Subjects who took more medications or had other

1. Information about people with dementia is collected

1. Sleep disorders are more common in dementia due

1. Sleep disorders are more common in dementia due

1. Higher medication consumption was associated with

1. People with dementia and other psychiatric illnesses

1. Small sample size, difficult to achieve a larger

1. Further studies are needed to assess sleep quality in

1. No differences were observed regarding sleep

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