Cloning

BIRLA OPEN MINDS
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
Presentation :- IT
Name :- Neeraj Kumar
Class :- 11th
Roll no :- 1107
Submitted to :- Sahil Sir
Topic :- Human Cloning
CLONING
Introduction
• In the last fifty years new forms of technology have been the
center of attention for every human being. These new
technologies affect every aspect of life, as we know it.
• One such technology is the research being done in the area of
cloning.
• Cloning is the production of one or more cells, individual
plants, or animals that are genetically identical to another cell,
plant or animal.
• Although the first steps forward in cloning have brought a
storm of protest, the experimental research should be studied
to prolong the existence of human life.
What is cloning?
• The term cloning describes a number of
different processes that can be used
“to produce genetically identical
copies of a biological entity.”
• The copied material, which has the same
genetic makeup as the original, is referred
to as a clone.
• Clones have identical DNA but can have
different personalities
Cloning and Bioethics
• Bioethics, which is the study of value
judgments pertaining to human conduct in
the area of biology and includes those related
to the practice of medicine, has been an
important aspect of all areas in the scientific
field.
• It is one of the factors that says whether or not
specific scientific research can go on, and if it
can, by which rules, regulations and guidelines
it must abide by.
• One of the most recent and controversial
issues facing our society today is the concept
of cloning.
• On February 23, 1997, Ian Wilmut, a Scottish
scientist, along with his colleagues
announced to the world that they had cloned
a lamb, which they named Dolly, after Dolly
Parton, from an adult sheep.
• The two share the same nucleic DNA, but
differ in terms of their mitochondrial DNA,
which is vitally important for the regulation
of the cell.
First cloned lamb ,Dolly
• The media and the press ignored this fact,
and thus claimed that Dolly and her
'mother' were genetically identical, which
sparked a fury of outcry all around the
world.
• The technique of transferring a nucleus
from a somatic cell into an egg cell of which
the nucleus had been removed, called
nuclear transplantation, is an extension of
research that had been ongoing for over 40
years.
• The public responded to Dolly with a mixture
of fear and excitement, questioning the
benefits and the disasters that could happen in
the future if research was to continue.
• From a poll taken by Maurice Bernstein, M.D.,
the results showed that 72% of the votes said
that cloning should be prohibited by law.
• They believe that cloning for any reason would
be an unethical and immoral thing to do.
• A common misconception of
cloning is that it is the
instantaneous creation of a fully-
grown adult from the cells of the
individual.
• Also, that an exact copy, although
much younger, of an existing person
could be made, reflecting the belief
that one's genes bear a simple
relationship to the physical and
psychological traits that make up a
person.
Have humans been cloned?
Highly publicized claims, human cloning still appears to be

fiction. There currently is no solid scientific evidence that anyone
has cloned human embryos.
• In 1998, scientists in South Korea claimed to
have successfully cloned a human embryo, but
said the experiment was interrupted very early
when the clone was just a group of four cells.
• In 2002, Clonaid, part of a religious group that
believes humans were created by
extraterrestrials, held a news conference to
announce the birth of what it claimed to be the
first cloned human, a girl named Eve. However,
despite repeated requests by the research
community and the news media, Clonaid never
provided any evidence to confirm the existence
of this clone or the other 12 human clones it
purportedly created
Types Of Cloning
1.Reproductive cloning (Organismic

Cloning)
2.Therapeutic cloning (Cellular
Cloning)
3.Recombinant DNA cloning (Molecular
Cloning)
Reproductive Cloning
Reproductive cloning is a type of cloning which is
performed for the purpose of creating a duplicate copy
of another organism.
In somatic cell nuclear transfer, scientists extract the
nucleus of a somatic cell, a cell which can come from
anywhere in the body, and insert it into an egg which
has had its nucleus removed.
The egg is stimulated, and it begins
dividing and growing, developing
into an embryo which can be
implanted into a gestational
surrogate and carried to term.
It is also possible to manipulate the
genetic material used in
reproductive cloning using
recombinant DNA technology to
alter DNA.
Human cloning
Therapeutic Cloning
Therapeutic cloning is cloning which is performed for
the purpose of medical treatment.
For example, it could theoretically be used to grow a
replacement organ, to generate skin for a burn victim,
or to create nerve cells for someone suffering from
brain damage or a neurological condition.
• Formally, this type of cloning is called somatic
cell nuclear transfer.
• It involves extracting the nucleus of a cell, and
putting the nucleus into an egg which has been
de-nucleated.
• Then, the egg is allowed to divide and grow. In
therapeutic cloning, the growing egg is used as
a source of stem cells, which are
undifferentiated cells which can grow into a
wide variety of different types of cells.
What are the potential application of
therapeutic cloning?
Researches hope to use embryonic stem cells,
which have the unique ability to generate virtually
all types of cells in an organism, to grow tissues in
the laboratory that can be used to grow healthy
tissue to replace injured or diseased tissues. In
addition, it may be possible to learn more about
the molecular causes of disease by studying
embryonic stem cell lines from cloned embryos
derived from the cells of animals or humans with
different diseases.
There is one point that those against cloning are often
worried about.
• That the clone would have no soul, no mind, no feelings
or emotions of their own, no say in how their life will be
with their destiny predetermined for them
• Each individual clone would not be unique.
• They are also afraid that the clone will not be treated
like a person, more like a worthless second copy, or a fill-
in for what was there but now is lost.
Although the genes do play an important part, its the
interaction among a person's genetic inheritance, their
environment, memories, different life experiences, and the
process of learning that results in the uniqueness of each
individual.
What are the potential drawbacks of
therapeutic cloning?
• Many researchers think it is worthwhile to explore the
use of embryonic stem cells as a path for treating human
diseases. However, some experts are concerned about the
striking similarities between stem cells and cancer cells.
• Both cell types have the ability to proliferate indefinitely
and some studies show that after 60 cycles of cell
division, stem cells can accumulate mutations that could
lead to cancer.
• Therefore, the relationship between stem cells and
cancer cells needs to be more clearly understood if stem
cells are to be used to treat human disease.
RECOMBINANT DNA CLONING
 The fragment of DNA to be amplified is first inserted into
a cloning vector.
MOST COMMONLY USED VECTOR:-
The most popular vectors currently in use consist of either
small circular DNA molecules (plasmids) or bacterial
viruses (phage).
 The vectors contain genetic information that allows
bacterial DNA replication machinery to copy them.
 After insertion of the foreign DNA, the plasmid or phage
vector is re-introduced into a bacterial cell.
 The growing bacterial culture replicates the foreign DNA,
along with the vector, in hundreds of copies per cell.
This process yields multiple, identical clones of the
original recombinant molecule.
• When scientists clone an organism, they
are making an exact genetic copy of the
whole organism, as described above.
• When scientists clone a gene, they
isolate and make exact copies of just one
of an organism's genes.
• Cloning a gene usually involves copying
the DNA sequence of that gene into a
smaller, more easily manipulated piece
of DNA, such as a plasmid.
• This process makes it easier to study the
function of the individual gene in the
laboratory.
USES OF RECOMBINANT DNA CLONING
Recombinant DNA cloning is used to produce
genetic material in large enough quantities for
scientific use. There are a variety of uses for this
reproduced, or cloned, genetic material.
1. Microbial Cells
2. Isolation of Proteins
3. Identification of Mutations
4. Diagnosis of Hereditary Diseases
5. Transferring Genes Between Organisms
Ethical issues of cloning
Both reproductive and therapeutic cloning raise
important ethical issues, especially as related to the
potential use of these techniques in humans.
Reproductive cloning may conflict with long-standing
religious and societal values about human dignity,
possibly infringing upon principles of individual
freedom, identity and autonomy. However, some
argue that reproductive cloning could help sterile
couples fulfill their dream of parenthood.
• Therapeutic cloning, while offering the
potential for treating humans suffering from
disease or injury, would require the destruction
of human embryos in the test tube.
• Consequently, opponents argue that using this
technique to collect embryonic stem cells is
wrong, regardless of whether such cells are used
to benefit sick or injured people.
Advantages Of Cloning
1. Medical treatment is that it would allow doctors
to grow replacements for missing and damaged
body parts for their patients. This would
eliminate organ and tissue shortages
2. Using cloned body parts would also eliminate the
need for immunosuppressive drugs, and reduce
the risk of rejection and other problems which
are commonly associated with transplants.
3. Cloning research on mice has suggested that new
nerve cells can be grown with reproductive
cloning techniques and used to repair damaged
brains, an application which could be useful for
people with dementia, Alzheimer's disease, or
strokes.
thank you

Cloning

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BIRLA OPEN MINDS

Highly publicized claims, human cloning still appears to be

1.Reproductive cloning (Organismic

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