Chemistry Guide

Chemistry Guide
for class 9
Chapter-1
Is matter around us
pure
Introduction
Everything in this universe is made of materials
which scientist has names ‘matter’.
The matter is made up of very small tiny particles.
It is not continuous but is particulate.
The matter is anything that occupies space and has
mass.
Particles of matter have space between them and
are continuously moving.
 Particles of matter attract each other.
States of mater
Change in state
Matter can change its state from solid to
liquid and from liquid to gas and vice-versa.
What is temperature?
Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness
expressed in terms of any of several scales, including
Fahrenheit and Celsius.
Effect of temperature
On increasing the heat, the particles gain energy
and start vibrating with greater energy. Due to
increased kinetic energy the particles overcome the
force of attraction and a new state is obtained.
Melting point
The temperature at which a solid melts to
become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is
called its melting point.
Boiling point
The temperature at which a liquid starts
boiling at the atmospheric pressure is known
as its boiling point. Boiling is a bulk
phenomenon.
Latent heat of fusion
The amount of heat energy required to change 1
kg of a liquid to vapour at atmospheric pressure,
at its boiling point is called the latent heat of
vaporization of the liquid.
Latent heat of vaporization

The amount of heat energy required to change 1
kg of a liquid to vapour at atmospheric pressure,
at its boiling point is called the latent heat of
vaporization of the liquid.
Evaporation
The phenomenon of changing of a liquid into its
vapour state at any temperature below its
boiling point is called evaporation. Evaporation
is a surface phenomenon.
Factors affecting
evaporation
An increase in surface area increases evaporation.
An increase in temperature increases the rate of
evaporation.
A decrease in humidity increases the rate of
evaporation.
An increase in wind speed increases the rate of
evaporation.
 Evaporation causes a cooling effect.
Some measurable
quantities and their units
Chapter - 2
Is Matter Around Us
Pure?
Compounds
The compound is a pure substance made up of
two or more elements combined chemically in
a definite ratio.
Characteristics of a
compound
The properties of compound differ from those
of its constituents.
Compound has fixed melting point and boiling
point.
Compound is a homogeneous substance.
 Constituent
elements can be separated by
chemical process.
Mixtures
It is made up of two or more elements or
compounds mixed in any ratio or proportion
Properties
It may be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
The properties of constituent substances are
retained.
No new compound is formed.
Elements can be separated by simple physical
processes.
• It does not have a fixed melting and boiling
point.
How to calculate concentration
of an solution
Solution
Is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances.
Examples for colloids
Chapter-3
Atoms and molecules
Atoms
Atoms are the smallest particles of an element
which can take part in a chemical reaction.
Size of an atom: Atomic radius is measured in
nanometres
Laws of chemical combination
Given by Lavoisier and Joseph L. Proust

as follows:
1. Law of conservation of mass: Mass can neither be
created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
E.g., A + B → C + D Reactants → Products Mass of
reactants = Mass of products
2.Law of constant proportion: In a chemical
substance , the elements are always present in
definite proportions by mass.
E.g., in water, the ratio of the mass of hydrogen
to the mass of oxygen is always 1 : 8 respectively.
These laws lacked explanation.
Hence, John Dalton gave his theory about the
matter. He said that the smallest particle of
matter is called ‘atom’.
Dalton’s atomic theory
Every matter is made up of very small or tiny particles
called atoms.
Atoms are not divisible and cannot be created or
destroyed in a chemical reaction.
All atoms of a given element are same in size, mass and
chemical properties.
Atoms of different elements are different in size, mass
and chemical properties.
Atoms combine in the ratio of a small whole number to
form compounds.
 The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant
Symbols
It is the short form representation of an element.
There are two types of symbols:-
(i) Dalton’s symbols
(ii) Modern Symbols (Berzileus)
Molecule
 It
is the smallest particle of an element or a compound
which can exist independently.
 Molecules of an element constitute the same type of
atoms.
 Molecules may be monoatomic, diatomic or polyatomic.
 Molecules of compounds join together in definite
proportions and constitute a different type of atoms.
Molecules of elements
The molecules of an element are constituted
by the same type of atoms.
Molecules of compounds
Molecules of compounds have atoms of two or
more different elements
Atomicity
The number of atoms constituting a Molecule is
known as its atomicity.
Chapter-4
Structure of atoms
Atoms are composed of 3 sub-atomic
particles:-
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Neutrons(discovered by James
Chadwick)
Changeless particles of an atom.
Their mass is 1amu.
Electrons(discovered by
J.J.Thompson)
 Electronsare negetively charged sub-atomic

particles of an atom.
 Themass of an electron is considered to be
negligible and it’s chargeis -1.
 The symbol for an electron is e-
 They are found outside the nucleus.
Protons(discovered by E.Goldstein)
 Itis the positively charged sub-atomic particles

of an atom.
 They have the mass of 1amu.
Thompson’s model of atom
According to the postulates of Thomson’s atomic model, an
atom resembles a sphere of positive charge with electrons
(negatively charged particles) present inside the sphere.
The positive and negative charge is equal in magnitude and
therefore an atom has no charge as a whole and is
electrically neutral.
 Thomson’s atomic model resembles a spherical plum
pudding as well as a watermelon. It resembles a plum
pudding because the electrons in the model look like the
dry fruits embedded in a sphere of positive charge just
like a spherical plum pudding.
Rutherford‘s alpha particle gold foil
experiment
A piece of gold foil was hit with alpha particles,
which have a positive charge. Most alpha particles
went right through. This showed that the gold
atoms were mostly empty space. Some particles
had their paths bent at large angles. A few even
bounced backward. The only way this would
happen was if the atom had a small, heavy region
of positive charge inside it.
Rutherford’s atom model
The model described the atom as a tiny, dense,
positively charged core called a nucleus, in
which nearly all the mass is concentrated,
around which the light, negative constituents,
called electrons, circulate at some distance,
much like planets revolving around the Sun.
Drawback of Rutherford’s model
It could not explain the stability of an atom

because this model does not obey the Maxwell law
of electrodynamics.
 Rutherford’s
model of the atom does not say
anything about the arrangement of electrons in
an atom.
Neils Bohr model
 Salient features of Niels Bohr atomic model are:
Electrons revolve around the nucleus in stable
orbits without emission of radiant energy.
 Each orbit has a definite energy and is called an
energy shell or energy level. An orbit or energy
level is designated as K, L, M, N shells.4
Orbits(shells)
Orbits are energy shells surrounding the nucleus in
which electrons revolve.
Electronic configuration
• An electronic configuration is the arrangement
of electrons in an atom in a particular manner
in the shells.
• The maximum number of electrons can be
obtained by 2n² where n is the orbit number.
Valency
The combining capacity of an element is known as
its valency. Valency is used to find out how the
atom of an element will combine with the atom of
another element to form a chemical compound.
(Every atom wants to become stable, to do so it
may lose, gain or share electrons.)
Atomic number
The atomic number of an atom is equal to the
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
It is denoted by the letter z.
Mass number
The mass number of an atom is the total number
of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of
the atom.
It is denoted by the letter A
Isotopes
Isotopes are the atoms of the same element,
having the same atomic number but different
mass number.
Isotopes of hydrogen
1. Protium ( 1H )
2. Deuterium ( 2H)
3. Tritium ( 3H )
Uses of isotopes
An isotope of Uranium (i.e. Uranium-235) is used
as a fuel in a nuclear reactor.
An isotope of cobalt (i.e. Cobalt-60) is used in the
treatment of cancer.
 An isotope of iodine (i.e. Iodine-131) is used in
the treatment of goitre.
Isobars
 Atomsof different elements having same MASS
NUMBER and different ATOMIC NUMBER are called
ISOBARS
 Eg:- Sodium and Magnesium both have atomic
Mass 23 but different Atomic numbers of 11 and
12.
Ions
The charged particles (atoms) are called ions, they
are formed by attaining positive charge or
negative charge on it.
Negatively charged ion is called anion (Cl–).
 Positively charged ion is called cation (Na+).
Chemical formulae
Chemical formulae is symbol representation of the
elements present in a compound.

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Latent heat of vaporization

Given by Lavoisier and Joseph L. Proust

 Electronsare negetively charged sub-atomic

 Itis the positively charged sub-atomic particles

It could not explain the stability of an atom

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