For NARM CH 1&Ch 2

CHAPTER ONE :OVERVIEW OF COMPUTING
Contents will be covered

1. Introduction to Computing
2. Definition of Computer and Computing
3. Computers Characteristics
4. Types of Computers
5. Computer Application for Natural Resource Management
6. Environmental Informatics
06/24/2024 Computer Sciences and its Application 1

Introduction to Computing
What is Computing?
 When a computer is doing any kind of work, whether it’s opening an
application, editing an image, or playing a song, it is called computing.
 Computing, in the most general sense, means calculating. In order for
a computer to operate correctly, many different parts of the computer
have to communicate and interact with one another in just the right
way.
 In a general way, we can define computing to mean any goal-oriented
activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers. This is a
very broad definition that includes the development of computer
hardware, the use of computer applications, and the development
of computer software.
Introduction to Computing
 Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting
from, or creating computing machinery. It includes the study and
experimentation of algorithmic processes, and development of
both hardware and software.
 Computing has scientific, engineering, mathematical,
technological, and social aspects.
 The use of a computer to process data or perform calculations.
the act of calculating or reckoning

Definition of Computer and Computing
What is Computer?
 A computer, in the most general sense, is just a device that accepts
data or input, and processes it in some way to automatically produce a
result.
 A computer is a machine that is controlled by internally stored
programs and that can perform operations without human intervention.
 It is a collection of hardware and software components. The hardware
parts consist of one or more processing units, memory units, and input
and output devices. It is the equipment you see and the parts you can
touch. The software is the set of instructions, called a program, which
tells the computer what to do, when and how to do it.

Definition of Computer and Computing
Generally, Computer is an electronic device; Operating under the

control of instructions stored in its own memory unit and that can accept
data, process data, produce output and store the results for future use.
So in more general sense as described above a computer is a
programmable electronic machine capable of accepting data, processing,
storing and then displays the output to the user.
What is difference between computer and computing?
 A computer, in the most general sense, is just a device that accepts
data or input, and processes it in some way to automatically produce a
result.When a computer is doing any kind of work, whether it's
opening an application, editing an image, or playing a song, it is
computing.
Computers Characteristics
 Automatic: once a program is in the computer’s memory, it
continues without the need for human intervention until completion.
Or once started on a job, they carry on until the job is finished.
 Speed: a computer is a very fast device. Units of time are
microseconds (10-6 second), nanoseconds (10-9 second) or even
picoseconds (10-12second). A powerful computer is capable of
performing several billion (109) simple arithmetic operations per
second.
 Accuracy: The computer’s accuracy is consistently high. Almost
without exception, the errors in computing are due to human rather
than to technological weakness, that is to in correct programming, or
to inaccurate data or to poorly designed systems.
Computers Characteristics…
 Storage capacity: computers help to save space and economy by
storing very large amount of data. For example data stored on paper
that filled the shelves of a registrar office can be stored in a single
computer with larger storage capacity. This saves space, money to
buy paper, ink and shelves. This also helps to have backup (copy) of
the data and put it somewhere else for security purpose.
 Diligence: unlike human beings, a computer is free from boredom,
tiredness, lack of concentration, etc, and hence can work for hours
without creating any error and without grumbling.
 Versatility: it is one of the most wonderful things about the
computer. A computer is capable of performing almost any task
provided that the task can be reduced to a series of logical steps.
Computers Characteristics…
 Power of remembering:
 Reliability
 Resource sharing
 Flexibility:
 No feeling:

Types of Computers
 Computers can be classified according to purpose, data handling,
and functionality .
Classification Of Computers
Based on Functionality, size, cost
and speed
Based on Data handling (processing)

Based on Purpose
Micro computer
General
Mini Computer
Analog Digital
Specific Mainframe Computer
Hybrid
Super Computer

Computers classification according to purpose
According to the purpose it produces computers can be classified in
to two General purpose and specific purpose computers
A. General purpose
 Design to perform a range of tasks these computers have the
ability to perform a range of tasks. These computers have the
ability to store numerous programs. These machines can be used
for various applications, ranging from scientific as well as
business applications. Even though such computers are versatile,
they generally lack in speed and efficiency. Computers that you
use home and schools are general purpose computers.

Specific purpose
B. Specific purpose
 Design to handle a specific problem or to perform a single
specific task built into the machine. They lacked versatility
however, being designed for specific tasks; they can be providing
the result very quickly and effectively.
 These computers are used for airline reservation, satellite
tracking, and air traffic control.

Classification of computers according to the method of operation (data
handling)
 Computers are classified into three by the way they process data.
1.Analog computers :which are operate by measuring. They deal
with continues variable. They do not compute directly with numbers,
rather, they operate by measuring physical magnitude such as
pressure temperature, voltage, current and etc.
Analogue computer measures continuous types of data and uses
physical quantities such as electric current. It is continuous
fluctuation of voltage over time.
 E.g. Thermometer, voltmeter, speedometer
 Generally, they are computers designed for special purpose
Classification of computers according to the method of operation (data
handling)
2.Digital Computers:- which deal with discrete variables. They
operate by counting rather than measuring. They operate directly
upon numbers (or digits) that represent numbers, letters, or other
special symbols.
 Digital computer is a computing device in which data is
represented by discrete numerical quantities. It is represented by
discrete voltage states (0s and 1s)
 They have very high accuracy and speed than analog one
 E.g. Personal Computers

Classification of computers according to the method of
operation (data handling)
3.Hybrid Computers:-
 The best features of analog and digital computers can be
combined into a single device to form a hybrid computer.
 It processes the information by collecting input data with analog
method, converts it into digital quantities, processes the digital
values and converts the output from digital to analog form.

Classification of computers according to functionality
Based on the functionality (size, speed, cost and performance) we can divide
computers in to four categories.
1.Microcomputers
 Microcomputer (often called personal computers or PCs for short) are the
smallest but most important and most frequently used of computer
particularly for end users.
 They are relatively small or compact in size and are often found on a tabletop
or desktop
For example
 Laptop
 Palmtop
 Desktop
2.Minicomputers
 Minicomputers are midrange computers that are larger and more powerful than
most microcomputers but are smaller and less powerful than mainframe
computer systems.
 The minicomputers size prevents it from being easily portable although it can be
moved more easily than a mainframe computer.
 Minicomputers cost less to buy and maintain than mainframe computers. Most
minicomputers can function in ordinary operating environments, as they do not
need special air conditioning or electrical wiring.
 Minicomputers are being used for a large number of business and scientific
applications.
 They are popularly used in scientific laboratories, research centers, universities
and colleges, engineering firms, industrial process monitoring and control etc.
3.Mainframes
 Mainframe computers are large, powerful computers that are
physically larger than micros and minis and usually have
processors with faster instruction processing speeds.
 For example, they may be able to process from 10 to 200 million
instructions per second (MIP).
 Mainframe computers are designed to handle the information
processing need of organization with many employees and
customers or with complex computational problems.

4.Supercomputer
 The term supercomputer has been coined to describe a category
of extremely powerful computer designed for high-speed
processing.
 A supercomputer is generally characterized as being the fastest,
most powerful, and most expensive computer.
 Super computers are largely used by research organizations,
military defense systems, national weather for casting agencies,
large corporations, aircraft manufacturer, etc.

Applications of Computers for NARM
 The most common use of computers has been in replacing human
effort and intervention in traditional farming machinery and other
equipment.
 In addition, even the support functions for farming such as
delivery of machinery, fertilizers and production of raw
products have been successfully automated.
 Example of how the agricultural industry has used computer
programming to solve an issue is through the development of
precision agriculture. This technique utilizes GPS technology to
allow farmers to map fields and monitor crop yield, soil levels,
and weather patterns to optimize farming practices.
 There are software's which help in the prediction of weather conditions
and estimation of agricultural production.
 Computers are used for record-keeping of information related to costs
involved in production, transport, agricultural processes, and in the
estimation and calculation of profit and/or loss
 The Internet aids communication among farmers and between farmers
and agriculture experts. This leads to an exchange of knowledge and
serves as guidance for farmers to improve production and earn
profits.
 Thanks to the use of software technology, farming practices have
evolved into those requiring less effort and leading to greater output.
Mechanization has reduced human/animal effort and increased the
speed and quality of production.
 For instance, a farmer can easily seek out and connect with an agricultural
capitalist and begin the exchange of ideas or business proposals.
 Information such as price review for grain and livestock, pest information,
real-time weather information (precipitation, temperature, humidity, solar
radiation, wind speed, soil moisture and soil temperature) in any part of the
world is literally available at one’s fingertips.
Example: E-agriculture:-
 An emerging field of agricultural practices, e-agriculture focuses on coming
up with innovative ways and best practices to use the existing information
and communication technologies (ICTs) for sustainable agricultural
development and food safety standards, particularly in rural areas.
 E-agriculture encompasses other related technological fields such as
agricultural informatics, agricultural development and business.
Applications of Computers
 For the last few decades, computer technology has revolutionized
the businesses and other aspects of human life all over the world.
Practically, every company is now directly or indirectly
dependent on computers for information processing.
 Some application areas of computers are:
 Science:
 Education
 Medicine and health care
 Engineering (architectures):
 Entertainment:
Applications of Computers
 Communication
 Business application:
 Publishing
 Banking
 Industries

Environmental Informatics
 Environmental Informatics studies how information can be
acquired, processed, modelled and communicated for
environmental sciences and management.
 Environmental informatics is the science of information applied
to environmental science.
 It study the effects of climate change on social-ecological systems
and human health through remote sensing and artificial intelligence
(AI), and share our knowledge through open source and open data.
 It develop and apply predictive modelling methods and automatic
workflows for obtaining area-wide environmental and biodiversity
information at multiple spatiotemporal scales.
 It develop and provide database systems for the integration of
data obtained by networked remote and in-situ sensor solution.
 Current initiatives to effectively manage, share, and reuse
environmental and ecological data are indicative of the increasing
importance of fields like environmental informatics and
Eco informatics to develop the foundations for effectively
managing ecological information.
 It used to access relevant environmental information can help
to improve the ecology of industry. Imagine geographic databases
that allow cross correlation of community and industrial
discharges in various media (air, water, land).
Examples include:
 Earth Observation and Monitoring.
 Environmental Modelling and Simulation.
 Applications of Geographical Information Systems.
 Environmental Information Systems.
 Core and emerging technologies in Environmental Informatics.
 Agent-based simulations in Environmental Informatics

End of chapter one
Thanks you
Chapter Two: Development of Computers
Contents will be covered
1. History of Computing(Reading Assignment)
2. Generations of Computers
3. Current Trends in Computing

Generations of Computers
There is a rapid change in Generation of computer. Computers can be
categorized in to five generation based on the following five dimensions:-
 Basic electronic component used by the computer
 Secondary storage device used
 Operating system
 Access time of the computer
 Computer language used.
The most common improvements which are made from one generation to next.
 Enhanced power in terms of speed processing data, storage
 More Convenient to use
 Better reliability
 Reduced physical size &loss Expensive
Generations of Computers…
A. First Generation
First Generation this generation of computer is characterized by:-
 It uses vacuum tubes as main component
 It is very big ,expensive & slow
 It required extensive air condition
 It generates large heat
 It uses magnetic drums for memory
 It is very expensive to operate.
 It uses machine language to perform operation.
 It uses punched cards and paper tape for input purpose.
 Output was displayed on printouts.
B. Second Generation
 It uses transistor instead of vacuum tubes
 It uses Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
 B/c of the transistors, the computer becomes smaller in size, fast
in speed &more reliable than 1st generation.
 It uses punched cards for input and printouts for output
 It controls by Assembly programming language
 Magnetic tape is introduced for store data

C. Third generation
Integrated Circuits(ic) called chips are replaced to transistor. IC is a
collection transistor. Because of IC, Computers became:-
 Smaller in size &power requirement
 Very fast &more reliable
 Magnetic disk is replaced to magnetic tape storage device.
 It uses keyboard instead of punched cards.
 It uses monitors instead of printout.
 It uses operating system which allows the computer to run many
applications at one time with a central program that monitored the
memory.
D. Fourth Generation
This generation of computer is Characterized by:-
 It uses Microprocessor replaces Integrated Circuit. Thousands of
Integrated Circuits are built onto a single silicon Chip.
 Cheaper in price
 More powerful
 Efficient &reliable
 It uses Graphical user interface and mouse.

E. Five Generation
Five Generation:-is characterized by:-
 It uses an artificial intelligence & interact with the natural
language
 The main is to narrow the gap b\n human being and computer.

Current Trends in Computing
 Computer science is constantly evolving. Get a sign at the latest
trends in
 Artificial Intelligence(AI)
 Quantum Computing
 Robotics
 cybersecurity
 bioinformatics
 edge computing
 block chain technology,
 Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) ...
 Internet of Things (IoT) ...
 5G Technology.
 other developing areas of the field.
 Artificial Intelligence
 Artificial intelligence (AI) centers on machine coding that mimics
human and animal intelligence.
 AI professionals develop algorithms and program machines to
perform humanlike tasks.
 Already universal, AI helps detect credit card fraud, identify
disease outbreaks, and optimize satellite navigation.

 Quantum Computing
 Quantum computing uses powerful computers to solve problems at
the atomic and subatomic levels. Unlike classic computers, which
perform calculations and store data in binary code, quantum
computers use quantum bits, also known as qubits. This allows
quantum computers to crunch numbers and solve problems much
more quickly than previously possible.
 While large tech companies like Google and IBM make strides
towards quantum computing advances, the field remains in its
infancy.
 Other fields that can benefit from quantum computing include
banking, transportation, and agriculture.
 Robotics
 The robotics field studies and develops robots in the search of
make life easier. A multidisciplinary field, robotics incorporates
computer science and electrical and mechanical engineering.
Robotics uses artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other
computer science technologies.
 Robots aim to increase safety and efficiency in industries like
manufacturing, farming, and food preparation.
 People use robotics technologies to manufacture cars, complete
dangerous tasks like bomb diffusion, and conduct complex
surgeries.
 Cybersecurity
 Cybersecurity focuses on protecting computer systems and
networks from cyber threats and attacks. As companies continue
storing information on the cloud and conduct operations online,
the need for improved cybersecurity also grows.
 Individuals, businesses, and governments experience significant
financial losses due to cyberattacks. For example,
the ransomware attack in the eastern U.S. in May 2021 cost the
Colonial Pipeline about $5 million and inflated gas prices for
consumers.

 Bioinformatics
 Bioinformatics professionals study, store, and analyze biological
information. A multidisciplinary subfield combining computer
science and biology, bioinformatics looks for patterns in sequences of
genetic material like DNA, genes, RNA, and protein. Bioinformatics
workers develop the methods and software applications that
accomplish these tasks.
 The medical and pharmaceutical, industrial,
environmental/government, and information technology fields benefit
significantly from bioinformatics computer science technologies.
Bioinformatics helps doctors in preventative and precision medicine
detect diseases earlier to offer efficient targeted treatment.
End of chapter two
Thanks you

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CHAPTER ONE :OVERVIEW OF COMPUTING

Contents will be covered

06/24/2024 Computer Sciences and its Application 1

06/24/2024 Computer Sciences and its Application 3

06/24/2024 Computer Sciences and its Application 4

Generally, Computer is an electronic device; Operating under the

06/24/2024 Computer Sciences and its Application 8

Based on Data handling (processing)

06/24/2024 Computer Sciences and its Application 9

06/24/2024 Computer Sciences and its Application 10

06/24/2024 Computer Sciences and its Application 11

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